Quoting-paraphrasing--and-summarizingWord格式.doc

Quoting-paraphrasing--and-summarizingWord格式.doc

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workintoyourownwritingdifferaccordingtotheclosenessofyourwritingtothesourcewriting.

Quotationsmustbeidenticaltotheoriginal,usinganarrowsegmentofthesource.Theymustmatchthesourcedocumentwordforwordandmustbeattributedtotheoriginalauthor.

Paraphrasinginvolvesputtingapassagefromsourcematerialintoyourownwords.Aparaphrasemustalsobeattributedtotheoriginalsource.Paraphrasedmaterialisusuallyshorterthantheoriginalpassage,takingasomewhatbroadersegmentofthesourceandcondensingitslightly.

Summarizinginvolvesputtingthemainidea（s）intoyourownwords,includingonlythemainpoint（s）.Onceagain,itisnecessarytoattributesummarizedideastotheoriginalsource.Summariesaresignificantlyshorterthantheoriginalandtakeabroadoverviewofthesourcematerial.

Whyusequotations,paraphrases,andsummaries?

Quotations,paraphrases,andsummariesservemanypurposes.Youmightusethemto...

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Providesupportforclaimsoraddcredibilitytoyourwriting

Refertoworkthatleadsuptotheworkyouarenowdoing

Giveexamplesofseveralpointsofviewonasubject

Callattentiontoapositionthatyouwishtoagreeordisagreewith

Highlightaparticularlystrikingphrase,sentence,orpassagebyquotingtheoriginal

Distanceyourselffromtheoriginalbyquotingitinordertocuereadersthatthewordsarenotyourown

Expandthebreadthordepthofyourwriting

Writersfrequentlyintertwinesummaries,paraphrases,andquotations.Aspartofasummaryofanarticle,achapter,orabook,awritermightincludeparaphrasesofvariouskeypointsblendedwithquotationsofstrikingorsuggestivephrasesasinthefollowingexample:

InhisfamousandinfluentialworktheInterpretationofDreams,SigmundFreudarguesthatdreamsarethe"

royalroadtotheunconscious"

（page#）,expressingincodedimagerythedreamer'

sunfulfilledwishesthroughaprocessknownasthe"

dream-work"

（page#）.AccordingtoFreud,actualbutunacceptabledesiresarecensoredinternallyandsubjectedtocodingthroughlayersofcondensationanddisplacementbeforeemerginginakindofrebuspuzzleinthedreamitself（page#）.

Howtousequotations,paraphrases,andsummaries

Practicesummarizingtheessaybelow,usingparaphrasesandquotationsasyougo.Itmightbehelpfultofollowthesesteps:

Readtheentiretext,notingthekeypointsandmainideas.

Summarizeinyourownwordswhatthesinglemainideaoftheessayis.

Paraphraseimportantsupportingpointsthatcomeupintheessay.

Consideranywords,phrases,orbriefpassagesthatyoubelieveshouldbequoteddirectly.

Thereareseveralwaystointegratequotationsintoyourtext.Often,ashortquotationworkswellwhenintegratedintoasentence.Longerquotationscanstandalone.Rememberthatquotingshouldbedoneonlysparingly;

besurethatyouhaveagoodreasontoincludeadirectquotationwhenyoudecidetodoso.

Thefollowingisasampleessayyoucanpracticequoting,paraphrasing,andsummarizing.Examplesofeachtaskareprovidedattheendoftheessayforfurtherreference.

HereisthecitationforSipher'

sessay:

Sipher,Roger.“SoThatNobodyHastoGotoSchoolIfTheyDon'

tWantTo.”TheNewYorkTimes. 

19 

December1977.Page31.Print.

SoThatNobodyHasToGoToSchoolIfTheyDon'

tWantTo

byRogerSipher

AdeclineinstandardizedtestscoresisbutthemostrecentindicatorthatAmericaneducationisintrouble.

Onereasonforthecrisisisthatpresentmandatory-attendancelawsforcemanytoattendschoolwhohavenowishtobethere.SuchchildrenhavelittledesiretolearnandaresoantagonistictoschoolthatneithertheynormorehighlymotivatedstudentsreceivethequalityeducationthatisthebirthrightofeveryAmerican.

Thesolutiontothisproblemissimple:

Abolishcompulsory-attendancelawsandallowonlythosewhoarecommittedtogettinganeducationtoattend.

Thiswillnotendpubliceducation.Contrarytoconventionalbelief,legislatorsenactedcompulsory-attendancelawstolegalizewhatalreadyexisted.WilliamLandesandLewisSolomon,economists,foundlittleevidencethatmandatory-attendancelawsincreasedthenumberofchildreninschool.Theyfound,too,thatschoolsystemshavenevereffectivelyenforcedsuchlaws,usuallybecauseoftheexpenseinvolved.

Thereisnocontradictionbetweentheassertionthatcompulsoryattendanceh