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专业班级:
10轻化1班
指导教师:
文琼菊副教授
日期:
二O一四年五月
目录
1.英文文献翻译1
1.1英文文献原文(原文题目)1
1.2中文翻译9
2.专业阅读书目15
2.1当代废纸制浆技术15
2.2制浆原理与工程15
2.3制浆造纸污染控制16
2.4加工纸与特种纸16
2.5造纸湿布化学17
2.6再生纤维与废纸脱墨技术17
2.7制浆造纸工程设计18
2.9造纸化学品的制备和作用机理19
2.10造纸原理与工程19
1英文文献翻译
1.1InorganicReactionsinChlorineDioxide
BleachingofSoftwoodKraftPulp
INTRODUCTION
Duetoenvironmentalconcerns,elementalchlorineisbeingreplacedwith
chlorinedioxide(ClO2)forthebleachingofwoodpulps.Chlorinedioxide
isaveryselectivebleachingreagent
presenceofcarbohydrates,therebypreservingpulpquality.Inaddition,ClO2
generateslesschlorinatedorganicsoradsorbableorganichalides(AOX)
comparedtochlorine,increasingtheattractivenessofchlorinedioxideasa
bleachingreagent.However,thereareissuessurroundingtheutilizationof
chlorinedioxide.Basedonoxidationequivalentsitismoreexpensivethan
elementalchlorine.Furthermore,theformationofchlorateandchlorite
decreaseitsoxidationefficiency,furtherincreasingthecostofbleaching.
Oneofthekeystooptimizingachlorinedioxidebleachingstageisto
minimizetheformationofchlorateandchlorite.Inthepast,chlorine
dioxidebleachingstudiesonchlorinepre-bleachedpulpshaveshownthat
theoptimalusageofchemical(minimumchlorateandchloriteresidues)
requiresthattheendpHbearound3.8.[1]However,thismaynotbetruefor
chlorinedioxidepre-bleachingbecauseresidualkraftlignincomponents
mostlikelydifferfromtheresiduallignininachlorinepre-bleachedpulp.It
hasbeenshownthatligninstructure,particularlyphenoliclignincontent,
directlyinfluencesthebleachabilityofwoodpulps.[2,3]Therefore,prebleaching
withchlorinedioxidemayrequiredifferentreactionconditionsto
minimizechloriteandchlorateformation.Inthisarticlewereporttheeffect
ofendpHontheformationofinorganicchlorinespeciesduringchlorine
dioxidepre-bleachingofasoftwoodkraftpulp.
EXPERIMENTAL
Materials
3,4-Dimethoxyacetophenone,sodiumborohydride(NaBH4),p-dibromobenzene,
biphenyl,andallsolventswerepurchasedfromAldrichChemicalsandusedas
received.Chlorinedioxidewasproducedbyreacting80%stabilizedsodium
chlorite(ACROS)with1.5equivalentsofpotassiumpersulfate(Fluka)in
distilledwateratroomtemperature.Theresultingsolutionwasstrippedwith
UHP-nitrogen.Nitrogengascontainingstrippedchlorinedioxidewaspassed
throughacolumnofsodiumchlorite(Aldrich),thenscrubbedincoldHPLCwater.
Methylveratrylalcohol(MVA)waspreparedbyreacting3,4-dimethoxyacetophenone
with2equivalentsofNaBH4.Thereactionmixturewasrefluxed
in3:
1MeOH:
H2Ofor3h,neutralizedwithcarbondioxide,andextracted
with1,2-dichloroethane.Quantitativeconversionoftheacetophenonewas
obtained.MSm/z(rel.int.)182(Mt,59),167(87),153(47),139(100),
124(32),108(21),93(50),77(21),65(25),51(11),43(41).1H-NMRd
1.48(d,3H),3.90(d,6H),4.83(q,1H),6.84(q,1H),6.86(q,1H),6.93(d,1H).
ChlorineDioxideReactionswithPulp
The27kappasoftwoodkraftpulp(12gOD)wasprebleachedwithchlorine
dioxideusinga0.2kappafactor.Thebleachingwascarriedoutat10%consistency
at508Cfor2h.TheinitialpHofthepulpwasadjustedusingaqueous
sodiumhydroxide(5wt%)orsulfuricacid(5wt%)toachieveadesiredfinal
pH.HPLCgradewater(Aldrich)wasusedasthemakeupwater.Polyethylene
bagsfastenedwithrubberseptawereusedforbleaching.Samplesfor
inorganicionanalysiswerepreparedbyinjecting20mLeffluentsamples
intoa7mLvialandevacuatingfor45s,a1mLaliquotofHPLCwater
wasthenaddedtothesample,followedbytheadditionofasodiumfluoride
internalstandard.Effluentsamplesweretakenperiodicallyduringthe2h
bleach.Ionswereanalyzedusinganion-exchangecolumn(DionexAS9/
AG9guardcolumn)with2.5mMsodiumborateeluent.Theeluentflow
ratewas1.75mL/min.Chemicaldetectionwasdonebysuppressedconductivity
usingaDionexCD20conductivitydetector.Chlorinedioxide
concentrationsweredeterminedbyiodometrictitration.Thequantityof
hypochlorousacidinthereactionmediumwasdeterminedbytrappingwith
aqueoussolutionsofdimethylsulfoxide(DMSO).Samples(100mL)ofthe
reactionmixturewereinjectedinto0.5mLofcoldaqueoussolutionscontaining
excessDMSO(0.25M,pHadjustedto8).Trappedsampleswere
quenchedafter15swithasaturatedsodiumthiosulfatesolution.The
resultingdimethylsulfonecontentwasdeterminedbyGCusingcyclohexanol
asaninternalstandard.