Analysis of rural transformation development in China since the turn of the new millennium.docx

Analysis of rural transformation development in China since the turn of the new millennium.docx

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AnalysisofruraltransformationdevelopmentinChinasincetheturnofthenewmillennium

ThissituationmeansanegativepowerintheDG（powerinversion）withitsspeedgovernorunabletoregulatefrequency.Toavoidthissituation,theDCSmustordercoordinatedpowerconsumptiontotheBESSandDLinordertokeeptheDGproducedpowerpositive.InthisarticleitisshownbysimulationhowtheDCSmanagesbothatemporarypowerinversionandapermanentonewiththemandatorytransitionfromWDtoWOmode.Thepresentedgraphsforfrequency,voltage,activepowersofthesystemelementsandbatteryvoltage/currentshowtheeffectivenessofthedesignedcontrol.

ArticleOutline

1.Introduction

2.Thepowersystem

3.Thecontrolsystem

4.Simulationschematics

4.1.Activepowercontrol

5.Simulationresults

6.Conclusions

Appendix.Appendix

References

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339

RiskfactorsforfatalcrashesinruralAustralia  OriginalResearchArticle

AccidentAnalysis&Prevention,Volume43,Issue3,May2011,Pages1082-1088

VictorSiskind,DaleSteinhardt,MarySheehan,TeresaO’Connor,HeatherHanks

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Abstract

Thispaperpresentsfindingsfromtheruralandremoteroadsafetystudy,conductedinQueensland,Australia,fromMarch2004tillJune2007,andcomparesfatalcrashesandnon-fatalbutseriouscrashesinrespectoftheirenvironmental,vehicleandoperatorfactors.Duringthestudyperiodtherewere613non-fatalcrashesresultingin684hospitalisedcasualtiesand119fatalcrashesresultingin130fatalities.Additionalinformationfrompolicesourceswasavailableon103fataland309non-fatalseriouscrashes.Overthreequartersofbothfatalandhospitalisedcasualtiesweremaleandthemedianageinbothgroupswas34years.Fatalcrashesweremorelikelytoinvolvespeed,alcoholandviolationsofroadrulesandfatalcrashvictimswere2½timesmorelikelytobeunrestrainedinsidethevehiclethannon-fatalcasualties,consistentwithcurrentinternationalevidence.Aftercontrollingforhumanfactors,vehicleandroadconditionsmadeaminimalcontributiontotheseriousnessofthecrashoutcome.Targetedinterventionstopreventfatalitiesonruralandremoteroadsshouldfocusonreducingspeedanddrinkdrivingandpromotingseatbeltwearing.

ArticleOutline

1.Introduction

2.Methods

2.1.Datasources

2.2.Dataanalysis

3.Results

3.1.Demographiccharacteristics

3.2.Temporalcharacteristics

3.3.Crashcharacteristics

3.3.1.Roadenvironment

3.3.2.Vehiclefactors

3.4.Operatorfactors

3.5.Multivariateanalysis

4.Discussion

5.Conclusion

Acknowledgements

References

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Researchhighlights

AstudyinAustralianruralareasreported119fataland613non-fatalcrashes.

Human,roadandvehiclefactorsinfatalandnon-fatalcrasheswerecompared.

Seatbeltwearing,alcoholuseandspeedcontributedmosttoseverity.

Roadconditionsandvehiclefactorsmadelittlecontributiontoseverity.

Alcoholuseaffectedseverityoverandaboveitsassociationwithotherfactors.

340

TrendsofenergyefficiencyinFinnishroadfreighttransport1995–2009andforecastto2016  OriginalResearchArticle

EnergyPolicy,Volume38,Issue12,December2010,Pages7676-7686

HeikkiLiimatainen,MarkusPöllänen

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Abstract

Aframeworkformodelingandanalyzingtheenergyefficiencyofroadfreighttransportispresentedinthispaper.ThisframeworkistestedbyusingthedatafromtheFinnishGoodsTransportbyRoadstatistics.Thedatawasenhancedbycalculatingthefuelconsumptionforeachtripinthedata.Tocalculatethis,weight-fuelconsumptionfunctionswereestimatedforeachEuro-classvehiclesandroadtype.Thisisanewmethodforanalyzingtheenergyefficiencyofroadfreighttransportanditcouldbeappliedalsoinothercountriesgatheringfreighttransportdatawithcontinuouscompanysurveys.TheanalysisshowthattheenergyefficiencyofroadfreighttransportinFinlandimprovedduring1995–2002,buthasdeclinedsince.Themajordriversinthedevelopmenthavebeenthechangesinthelevelofemptyrunningandvehiclefuelefficiency.ExtrapolatingcurrentstatisticaltrendsoffactorsthatinfluencetheenergyefficiencyshowthatthetargetsetbytheFinnishgovernmentforimprovingenergyefficiencyby9%until2016willnotbeachieved.However,thetargetispossibletobeachievedbyacombinationofsmallchangestosomedeterminants.

ArticleOutline

1.Introduction

2.Methodsanddata

2.1.Frameworkforanalyzingenergyefficiencyinroadfreighttransport

2.2.Datasources

2.3.Methodimplemented

3.Estimatingvehicles’energyconsumption

4.Trendsbetween1995and2009

5.Energyefficiencytargetandforecast2016

5.1.Definingtheenergyefficiencytargetfor2016

5.2.Forecastto2016

6.Conclusions

Acknowledgements

References

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Researchhighlights

►Anewmethodforanalyzingenergyefficiencybyaddingfueldatatonationalfreightstatistics.►EnergyefficiencyimprovedinFinlandfrom1995to2002buthasdeclinedsince.►EnergyefficiencyinFinlandisstillonagoodlevelinternationally.►TargetoftheFinnishenergyefficiencyagreementwasquantifiedforthefirsttimeinthisstudy.►Thetargetwillnotbeachievedifthepasttrendscontinue.

341

InvestigationofpistonbowlgeometryandspeedeffectsinamotoredHSDIdieselengineusingaCFDagainstaquasi-dimensionalmodel  OriginalResearchArticle

EnergyConversionandManagement,Volume51,Issue3,March2010,Pages470-484

C.D.Rakopoulos,G.M.Kosmadakis,E.G.Pariotis

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Abstract

Thepresentworkinvestigatestheeffectofvaryingthecombustionchambergeometryandenginerotationalspeedonthegasflowandtemperaturefield,usinganewquasi-dimensionalenginesimulationmodelinconjunctionwithanin-housedevelopedcomputationalfluiddynamics（CFD）codeservedtovalidatethepredictedin-cylinderflowfieldandgastemperaturedistributioncalculatedbythequasi-dimensionalmodel,forthreealternativepistonbowlgeometriesandthreerotationalspeeds.ThisCFDcodecansimulatethree-dimensionalcurvilineardomainsusingthefinitevolumemethodinacollocatedgrid;itsolvesthegeneralizedtransportequationfortheconservationofmass,momentumandenergy,andincorporatesthestandardk–εturbulencemodelwithsomeslightmodificationstointroducethecompressibilityofafluidingeneralizedcoordinates.Ontheotherhand,thequasi-dimensionalmodelsolvesthegeneraltransportequationfortheconservationofmassandenergybyafinitevolumemethodthroughouttheentirein-cylindervolume,whilefortheestimationoftheflowfieldanewsimplifiedthreedimensionalairmotionmodelisused.Tocomparethesetwomodelsthein-cylinderspatialandtemporaltemperaturedistribution,themeancylinderpressurediagram,aswellasthemeanin-cylinderradialandaxialvelocityareexamined,forthethreepistonbowlgeometriesandthethreespeeds,forahighspeeddirectinjection（HSDI）dieselengineoperatingundermotoringconditions.Fromthecomparisonofcalculatedresults,itbecomesapparentthatthetwomodelspredictsimilarin-cylindertemperaturedistributionsandmeanairvelocityfieldsateachcrankangle,forallcasesexamined.Thus,itisshownthatthequasi-dimensionalmodelwiththeproposedsimplifiedairmotionmodeliscapableofcapturingthephysicaleffectofcombustionchambergeometryandspeedonthein-cylindervelocityandtemperaturefield,whileneedingsignificantlylowercomputingtimecomparedtothemoredetailedandaccurateCFDmodel.Ontheotherhand,theCFDmodelismoresuitablewhendetailedsimulationofthein-cylindergeometryisrequiredandthewaythecorrespondingtransportphenomenaareaffected.

ArticleOutline

Nomenclature

1.Introduction

2.DescriptionoftheCFDmodel

2.1.Outlineandequations

2.2.Computationaldomain

3.Descriptionofthequasi-dimensionalmodel

3.1.Generaloutline

3.2.Computationaldomain

4.Conditionstestedwiththetwomodelsandenginespecifications

5.Resultsanddiscussion

5.1.Modelsconstantscalibration

5.2.Meancylinderpressureandtemperaturetraces

5.3.Meangasflowfield

5.4.Spatialdistributionoftemperature

5.5.Thermaldistributionofthecylindermass

5.6.Heattransferthroughthecylinderwalls

6.Conclusions

Acknowledgements

References

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342

Paradigmshiftinurbanenergysystemsthroughdistributedgeneration:

Methodsandmodels  ReviewArticle

AppliedEnergy,Volume88,Issue4,April2011,Pages1032-1048

MassimilianoManfren,PaolaCaputo,GaiaCosta

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Abstract

Thepathtowardsenergysustainabilityiscommonlyreferredtotheincrementaladoptionofavailabletechnologies,practicesandpoliciesthatmayhelptodecreasetheenvironmentalimpactofenergysector,whileprovidinganadequatestandardofenergyservices.Theevaluationoftrade-offsamongtechnologies,practicesandpoliciesforthemitigationofenvironmentalproblemsrelatedtoenergyresourcesdepletionrequiresadeepknowledgeofthelocalandglob