江苏大学研究生英语学术论文写作复习重点修订.docx

江苏大学研究生英语学术论文写作复习重点修订.docx

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江苏大学研究生英语学术论文写作复习重点修订

考试题型：

一．回答问题

二．文体对比stylisticfeatures:

subjective（主观的）/objective（客观的）

三．语篇分析---textualdevelopment/analogy

四．语篇改写句子和句子之间衔接词语少了

Therearenumerousreasonsfor……atfirst,…….secondly,….Inaddition,/additionally,/furthermore,…/whatismore,

Chapter1IntroductiontoAcademicResearchWriting

1.1ThenatureofAcademicResearch

Scientific:

Unbiasedandobjectiveconclusion

Rigorous:

Relevance,accuracy,andcompleteness

Systematic:

Organizationofprocedurefollowingacertainlogicalsequence

Valid&reliable:

Essentialscientificproofforjustifiability

Replicable:

Sameresultsyieldedifrepeatingexactlythesameprocedure

Original:

Contributingtotheexistingstockofknowledge

Responsible:

Acknowledgesources

Critical:

Opennesstocriticalscrutiny

1.3TypesofAcademicPaper

Aprofessionalpaperisaformalprinteddocumentinwhichprofessionalspresenttheirviewsandresearchfindingsonanydeliberatelychosentopic.

1）Researchpaper2）AcademicReport3）ReviewArticle

4）Brief/RapidCommunication5）Coursepaper6）Thesis&Dissertation

1.4TheStyleofEnglishAcademicWriting（记忆方法AbCCEFR）

Generally,EnglishAcademicwritingis:

1）formality（正式性）--toavoidusingcontractions,colloquialisms,abbreviationsandacronyms,phrasalverbs,askingquestionsandsecondpersonpronoun（you）inaddressingreaders.

2）complexity（复杂性）--Writtenlanguageisrelativelymorecomplexthanspokenlanguage

Grammatically:

moreclausesandembedding;

moreattributingadjectives;

moreprepositionalphrases;

morepassivethanspokenlanguage.

Lexically:

fewerbutlongerwords/phrases;

morenominalizations;

morelexicalvariation.

3）explicitness（表意清楚）—avoidingvagueexpressionorambiguity.

Explicitinexpressingideas;

Explicitinsignpostingtheorganizationoftheideas;

Explicitinacknowledgingthesources.

4）accuracy（准确）--Academicwritingusesvocabularyaccurately.Mostsubjectshavewordswithnarrowspecificmeanings.

6）conciseness（简洁明了）

Usemorecontentwordsratherthanfunctionwords

Eliminateunnecessaryqualifiers

Involvelesspassivesentences

6）impersonalandobjective（客观性）--Writtenlanguageisingeneralobjectiveratherthanpersonal.Itthereforehasfewerwordsthatrefertothewriterorthereader.Thismeansthatthemainemphasisshouldbeontheinformationthatyouwanttogiveandtheargumentsyouwanttomake,ratherthanyou.

Impersonality:

Pronounsareuncommonwhilepassivecommon

Hedging:

theavoidanceoftoodefinitestatementsorconclusionstomakethewritingsaferandmoreobjective

Languageusedinhedging:

1）Introductoryverbse.g.seem,tend,looklike,appeartobe,think,believe,doubt,besure,indicate,suggest

2）Certainlexicalverbse.g.believe,assume,suggest

3）Certainmodalverbse.g.will,must,would,may,might,could

4）Adverbsoffrequencye.g.often,sometimes,usually

5）Modaladverbse.g.certainly,definitely,clearly,probably,possibly,perhaps,conceivably,likely

6）Modaladjectivese.g.certain,definite,clear,probable,possible

7）Modalnounse.g.assumption,possibility,probability

8）Thatclauses

e.g.Itcouldbethecasethat...

Itmightbesuggestedthat...

Thereiseveryhopethat...

9）To-clause+

e.g.Itmaybepossibletoobtain...

Itisimportanttodevelop...

Itisusefultostudy...

Herearesomeexamplesofcautiousortentativestyle.

7）responsibility（负责任）---Academicwritingreferstoinformationfromarangeofprint,digitalandothersources,allofwhichmustbeclearlyreferencedinyourtextreferencesotherwriters’work.

Plagiarism（剽窃）Thedefinitionofplagiarism：

Plagiarismistheactofusinganotherperson’slanguageorideaswithoutacknowledgment.（ThewordplagiarismisderivedfromaLatinwordforkidnapper.）Adictionarydefinesitas'theuseorimitationofwordsandideasofanotherpersonandtherepresentationofthemasone'soriginalwork.'

Twotypesofplagiarism:

①deliberate②unintentional

Toavoidplagiarism:

①paraphrasing②summary③synthesis

Twowaysprovidethecorrectacknowledgement:

1.Summaryandcitation:

Smith（2009）claimsthatmodernstatespowerinnewways.

2.Quotationandcitation:

AccordingtoSmith:

'Thepointisnotthatthestateisinretreatbutthatitisdevelopingnewformsofpower...'（Smith.2009.103）

如果遇到分析题，就是先判断是否属于剽窃，再写剽窃的定义，再FOREXAMPLE。

1.5StructureofAcademicResearchpaper

1.5.1GeneralStructure—TheIMRaDModel

Hourglass（沙漏结构）

1.5.2PartsofanAcademicResearchPaper

1）Title:

summarizethecontentssuccinctlyforindexingpurposesandattractthereaders

Authors&Affiliation

2）Abstract:

aconciseoverviewofthestudy

3）Keywords:

highlightingthefocusofthepaper

4）Introduction:

providethebackground;identifytheproblemunderstudy;evaluatepreviousstudies;identifytheresearchgap;statetheresearchobjectives

5）Materials&Methods:

describeproceduresandstepsoftheresearch

6）Results&findings:

findingsofthestudy（presentedusingfiguresandtables）

7）Discussions:

summaryofthemajorresults;probeintotheunderlyingcauses;comparetheresultswiththepreviousstudies;summarizethesignificanceoftheresearch

8）Conclusion:

mentionthelimitationsoftheresearch;suggestionsforfuturestudy

9）Acknowledgements:

indicatingothers’contributions

10）References/Bibliography:

providecontextofyourwork

11）Appendices

1.5.3RecommendWritingSequence（7Steps）

Step1:

Prepareanddescribedata,includingFiguresandTables

Step2:

WriteResults,DiscussionandConclusion

Step3:

WriteMethods

Step4:

WriteIntroduction

Step5:

WriteAbstract

Step6:

SelectKeyWords

Step7:

EntitlethePaper

Question&Exercises：

Readthefollowingtwopassagesandtrytofindoutthestylisticfeaturesofeach.

Answer:

Comparedwiththesetwopassages,Ifindthattherearedifferencesinstyles,

passage1isinformal,subjective,forexample:

“I’m......”，“don’t......”

Whilethesecondpassageisascientificresearchpaper,it’sformal,objectiveandcomplex,forexample,（长句，被动语态等）

（subjective---objective,simple---complex,forexample......）

Chapter2PrewritingSkills

2.1.InformationCollecting

2.2.AcademicReading

2.2.1TypesofAcademicReadingMaterials

2.2.2StrategyofAcademicReading

2.3.NoteTaking

2.4.ConstructingAnnotatedBibliography

2.4.1DefinitionofAnnotatedBibliography

2.4.2StepsofConstructinganAnnotatedBibliography

SCIPaperWritingStrategy:

ChoosingaTopic

Thefirstchallengeintheprocessofacademicwriting

1）Choosingasubjectofinterest

Asubject:

"abroadareaofInterestfromwhichamorespecifictopiccanbechosen"

Atopic:

"arelativelynarrowareaofinterestthatcanbethoroughlyresearchedanddiscussedwithinthepagelengthguidelinesgivenbyyourinstructor."

2）Conductingapreliminarytopicoverview

Discoverwhatisalreadyknownandwhatresearchquestionsremainregardingyourtopic.

Yourresearchquestionsprobablyderivefromtherecentliteratureyoureviewed.

3）Narrowingyoursubjectintoaspecifictopic

Intheformofaquestion

"What","How","Why","Who","Where","When"opendifferentscopesforyourresearch.

Criteriaofchoosingatopic:

research-worthy,intriguing（interesting）,feasible,manageable

Exercises：

Readthetopicsinthefollowing,anddeterminetheextentoftheirscope:

toobroad,toonarrow,orjustright.

Chapter3Results,DiscussionandConclusions

3.1Results

Thesectionofresultsisatext-basedpresentationofthekeyfindingswhichincludesreferencestoeachofthetablesandfigures.

3.1.1Usingsubheadingstostreamlinereports

3.1.2Captioningandreferencingfiguresandtables

Usingincompletegrammaticalsentencesandsometimeendingwithperiodsfortableheadingsandfigurelegends

3.1.3Typicalsentencepatternstodescriberesults

3.2Discussion

Thediscussionsectiongetstotherootofyourresearchquestionbyinterpretingtheresearchresultsandguidingthereadersbylogicalstepstoseephenomenafromyourpointofview.

3.2.1PurposeofDiscussion

DifferencebetweenResult&Discussion:

ComparedwiththeResultsectionthatisjustadescriptivepresentationofthedataandfacts,Discussionprovidesyourinterpretiveunderstandingoftheresults,tryingtoanswer“Whatdothedataandfactsmean?

”Itisherethatthefindingsarewoventogetherandthemajorissuesorthemesareidentifiedanddiscussed.

FourpurposesofDiscussionSection:

（1）Interpretyourresult

（2）Answeryourresearchquestion

（3）Justifyyourapproach

（4）Criticallyevaluateyourstudy

3.2.2MainelementsofDiscussion

Thefollowingsixmainelementsthatarelogicallystatedshouldneverbeneglected.

（1）Reiteratingyourresearchquestion（s）andthemethods

（2）Elaboratingonyourmajorfindingsandadditionalfindings

（3）Relatingthefindingstosimilarstudies

（4）Pointingoutlimitationsofthestudy

（5）Statingfuturedirections

（6）Makingyouroverallconclusion

3.2.3WritingRequirementsforDiscussion

Firstly,youshouldsufficientlyanalyzethepresenteddataandpointoutthefactualrelationships.

Secondly,sincethepurposeoftheprofessionalpaperistoconfirmthe’author’sresearchwork,itisbeneficialforhimtofullyreviewwhathehasdoneinhiswork.

Thirdly,thewriterhastoadmithisweakpointsorfailurefrankly.

Fourthly,briefandforcefulexpressionsshouldbeusedinthesectionofdiscussion.

Finally,keepinmindnevertowritemorewordsthannecessary.

3.2.4Typicalsentencepatternstodescribediscussion

3.2.5CasestudyofDiscussionSection

3.3Conclusion

3.3.1Conclusionsbasedonsoundevidence

3.3.2AReferencetothemainpurposeorhypothesisofthestudy

3.3.3ABr