difference between expo and argumentation.docx

difference between expo and argumentation.docx

《difference between expo and argumentation.docx》由会员分享，可在线阅读，更多相关《difference between expo and argumentation.docx（13页珍藏版）》请在冰豆网上搜索。

differencebetweenexpoandargumentation

对TWE的认识+自己总结的模板

首先,各位朋友在写作前应该了解英文短文的四大种载体（fourkindsofwriting）：

记叙文;描写文;说明文和议论文。

简单地说,narration是讲述一个故事；description是描写某人、某物；exposition侧重于解释、说明某事物、某现象、某情况等；argumentation的目的在于使人们信服自己的立场、观点。

 综观很多TWE题目后，我们可以发现TWE毫无疑问适合以exposition或argumentation这两种载体操作。

这里我就从个人角度适当分析一下。

每篇文章都必然归属于某一种载体，但同一篇文章中并不排斥其他载体的表达方式，只是有主次之分。

比如，记叙文在叙述一个故事的过程中，常常不可避免地穿插些描写；议论文也可有叙述、描写；说明文更离不开适当的描写甚至议论的配合。

以下我以TWE练笔中的一篇范文举例。

一.载体的穿插使用

QUOTE:

TWE练笔专贴◎第十期Topic15.Neighborsarethepeoplewholivenearus.Inyouropinion,whatarethequalitiesofagoodneighbor?

Usespecificdetailsandexamplesinyouranswer.    

作者:

llneaco 

Livingintheneighborhood,wecannotavoidrubbingshoulderswithpeopleofallagesandallwalksoflifeeveryday;therefore,thoughnotimperative,itisanywaypreferabletohaveaninhabitantwithagreeablequalitiesresidingnearby.Intermsofthequalitiesofagoodneighbor,asIhaveobserved,couldbeintheroughconcludedas“law-consciousness”,“respectfulness”and“readinesstohelp”.  

开头表明了作者的立场：

wecannotavoidrubbingshoulderswithpeopleofallagesandallwalksoflifeeveryday;therefore,thoughnotimperative,itisanywaypreferabletohaveaninhabitantwithagreeablequalitiesresidingnearby.

随后说明了具体的三个方面：

Intermsofthequalitiesofagoodneighbor,asIhaveobserved,couldbeintheroughconcludedas“law-consciousness”,“respectfulness”and“readinesstohelp”.而后面的3个段落，围绕thequalitiesofagoodneighbor这一中心，开展说明。

Inthefirstplace,agoodneighborshouldundoubtedlybewellconsciousaboutthelawbecausenooneiswillingtogetcaughtupinproblemsfromsomeoneelse’sillegalactivities.EventhoughImightnothavecommittedanycrime,Icouldstillbeinvolvedsincetheonewhocommitteditlivesaroundthecornerfrommyhouse.Stillworse,Imightfeelquiteinsecureaboutmypersonalsafetyandpropertylivinginthevicinitywithsuchalawlessperson,whichislikeputtingthecatnearthegoldfishbowl.Inshort,havingasoundknowledgeoflawistheveryprerequisiteofbeingagoodneighbor.

“Respectfulness”isanothertraitofaniceneighbor.By“respectfulness”Iindicatenotonlythecourteousbehaviorwhenneighborsgreetoneanother,butthenoninterferencewitheachother’sprivacyaswell.Consider,agossipkeepspryingintoherneighbors’privatelifeandspreadingoffensiverumorsaround,whichwouldresultinadistortionofthetruthorevenworse,defamationtothepersoninvolved.Anamicableneighbor,consequently,shouldbelesscuriousbutmorerespectfulforothers’personalfreedom.

Whatismore,mostpeopletreasureextraordinarilytheirneighbor’svirtueof“readinesstohelp”,inparticularwhiletheyareinneedofassistanceorsupport.Forinstance,oncetherewasagasexplosioninanapartmentnearourhouseduetothehost’snegligence,andboththehostandthehostesswereburntsobadlythattheycouldhardlyescapefromtheflamingroomthemselves.Thankstoseveralneighborsincludingmyfatherwhofearlesslyrushedintotheapartmentandrescuedtheinjuredintime,thecouplewasthensenttohospitalandhealed.Nowseveralyearshavepassed,thecouplestillmentionsthataccidentoftenwithgreatgratitude.

这里作者就通过叙述一个曾经的故事支持了自己的一个观点，即neighbor’svirtueof“readinesstohelp”

Todrawaconclusion,therearequiteafewnoteworthycharacteristicsofagoodneighbor.AsfarasIamconcerned,tobelaw-conscious,respectfulforsomeoneelse’sprivacyandwillingtohelpothersanytimearethemostessentialones.

首先，我觉得这篇文章在大方向上可以看成是一篇说明文。

说明的内容是：

whatarethequalitiesofagoodneighbor?

接着作者从3个方面对thequalitiesofagoodneighbor下了定义，即：

“law-consciousness”,“respectfulness”and“readinesstohelp”。

而我们又可以把3个理由段的头一句看成一个一个小论点，之后在每段中“摆事实，讲道理”阐述论点，使读者认同。

哎！

又看一遍，还是由衷感叹llneaco写的太好了佩服！

佩服啊！

说明文  顾名思义,目的就是在于进行说明或解释（explain）、分析，向读者传授有关特征、性质、成因、过程等方面的知识，给读者以指导或启发。

说明文是种应用范围很广的载体，教科书、说明书、解说词、内容提要等等都可见其影子。

说明文以说明“什么”（WHAT）、“为何”（WHY）、“如何”（HOW）为主。

写作过程中，应主题明确，中心突出，避免东拉西扯。

尤其要提供例证、事实和细节，并按一定的逻辑顺序来写。

二.说明文

QUOTE:

下面我举例分析下，例如：

TWE练笔专贴◎第六期

Topic43.Whydoyouthinksomepeopleareattractedtodangeroussportsorotherdangerousactivities?

Usespecificreasonsandexamplestosupportyouranswer.

感谢网友：

Mirrorwind

Manypeopletodayseekforexcitingactivities,andthemoredangeroustheyappear,themorehighly theyareregarded.Whydopeopleholdsuch apreferencedoingthesesportsinsteadofenjoyingthemselvesbyothercomfortableapproaches?

Inmyopinion,therearetwomainreasonsfortheenthusiasmfordangeroussportsandotherdangerousactivities.

Thechiefmotivationdrivingamyriadofpeopletoriskysportsisduethenatureofhumanbeingsassearchingforchallengeandadventure.Consider,alpinistswhotrytoclimbmountainsbyaperilousrouteshowparticularinterestsnotforthismountaintopsbutthechallengeanddifficultiestheymaymeetonthecourseofclimbing.Meanwhile,extremeactivitiesareabletochallengepeoplebothphysicallyaswellaspsychologically.Takemyownexperienceasanexample,lastyearIwenttotheTigerJumpingGorge,whichisconsideredtobeadramaticspotforextremeactivitiesasitshardnatureconditions.Spendingmorethantenhourstotallygoingthroughthatgorge,Ifoundthatexperienceoftestingmybodyandcouragewasextremelyimpressiveasthefirsttimemyinstinctofperseveranceappeared,encouragingmenottogiveup.

Moreover,peoplewhopursuitdangerousactivatescanmeettheirpsychologicalneedsoftoday'sworldofsolvingmentalproblemssuchashighdepression,isolationofpeople,andsoon.Forinstance, inChinanowadaysmanywhitecollarsincosmopolitancitiesholdpassionforhikinginwildlands.Duringtheirtrips,theyoftenfacewithtroubles,evendangerwhilehavingcoarsefoodsanduncomfortableaccommodation.Yet,theystillbelievesuchanapproachindicatesgoodwayforrelaxingandescapingfromdailywork.Manyofsuchyoungpeoplehavespecificclubstoorganizethosesportsregularly,thustherethegroupmemberscangaintheirbeings（belongings）andcommunicatewitheachother,whichseemstobeaneffectiveantidotetolonelinessinbigcities.

Tosumup,dangerousactivitiesandotherformsofcourtingexcitementstemfromthenatureofhumankindasmanypeoplearealwayslookingforsomethingnewandexciting.Inaddition, bytakingpartindangerousactivities,peoplemayfindaway tofightagainstproblemssuchasstressandlonelinessbroughtbymodernlifestyles.（371words）

文章围绕为什么一些人喜欢从事危险的运动或活动展开，作者通过分析，道出了两点理由，告诉大家其中的原因。

即：

thenatureofhumanbeingsassearchingforchallengeandadventure和meettheirpsychologicalneedsoftoday'sworldofsolvingmentalproblems。

当然，文章中作者提供了诸多例证与事实，这样使得文章更具客观性。

最后，例如：

Topic52.Whatchangewouldmakeyourhometownmoreappealingtopeopleyourage?

Usespecificreasonsandexamplestosupportyouropinion.

Topic36.Chooseoneofthefollowingtransportationvehiclesandexplainwhyyouthinkithaschangedpeople'slives.

oautomobiles obicycles  oairplanes

Usespecificreasonsandexamplestosupportyouranswer.

Topic7.Howdomoviesortelevisioninfluencepeople'sbehavior?

Usereasonsandspecificexamplestosupportyouranswer.

这样的标题都能用exposition的载体进行熟练的操作。

其实在最初阶段，我一直认为TWE应该就是用argumentation的形式来写，走了不少弯路。

直至发现使用exposition载体对某些TOPIC更为适用后，才整理出了今日的观点。

以上就说明文已有了大致的了解，这里仅对议论文进行些微薄的阐述吧。

议论文 的主要目的是让别人信服作者对某一个问题的看法。

在写作过程中，虽然也有说明或解释自己的立场或观点，但其基本特征是说服性的，也就是通过充分的论证来说服别人，或让别人改变观点，转而接受作者的立场观点，或至少使别人对有关问题给予重新思考。

三.议论文

QUOTE:

议论文主要依靠“摆事实、讲道理”来说服别人，具有论点、论据、论证三大要素。

论点：

是作者对某一问题的立场、观点或主张，是全文的核心所在，所以在写作时应做到立论正确，否则全文便会“不攻自破”。

论据：

是作者证明论点的理由和根据，应该做到论据充足有力。

为此，应借助事实、理论等来支持论点。

论证：

本身就是一个“摆事实，讲道理”的过程，应该力争论证严密，可采取一定的推理方法来揭示论点与论据之间的内在联系。

比如：

归纳法、演绎法、类比、反证等。

根据托福作文的考试特点,我们通常可以将一篇文章分为3大部分:

开始段、正文和结尾段。

我总结的具体写法为：

因是应试短文，我们易在“开始段”中，首先提出论点（作者的立场、观点和主张），且最好只有一个，这样可把文章写得更集中、透彻，保证“统一性”。

在“正文”部分，我们应安排充分的论据来证明论点，利用事实、例证、数据、权威性的理论来进行论证。

在此过程中，我们应特别注意表述的逻辑性。

根据多位牛人的经验，采取三段式很有益处。

“结尾段”实际上是下结论或作概括的段落，作者在此重申自己的论点，以加深读者的印象。

Topic71.Whichwouldyouchoose:

ahigh-payingjobwithlonghoursthatwouldgiveyoulittletimewithfamilyandfriendsoralower-payingjobwithshorterhoursthatwouldgiveyoumoretimewithfamilyandfriends?

Explainyourchoice,usingspecificreasonsanddetails.

感谢：

llneaco  

Comparingahigh-payingjobwithlonghoursthatwouldgiveonelittletimewithhisfamilyandfriendstoalower-payingprofession withashorterspanthatwouldcatertohisdesireforplentyofleisuregettingtogetherwithhisparentsandbuddies,theformer“offer”mightanywaybemoretemptingsincethemodernworld,thoughitmaybeabittoocrueltobeadmitted,hasforsometime（while）becomea“profit-oriented”one.However,wereIstandingatsuchanonplus,Iwouldneverthelesspreferalessprofitableoccupationratherthanitsalternative,notonlyforthewelfareofmyfamily,myfriends,butformyownsustaininghealthinessaswell. 

Firstofall,alightjobmaygrantpeopleabundanttimeseekingandenjoyingthepleasuresoffamilyloveandcomfort.Forourbelovedparents,iftherewasasinglepersontowhomtheyhavealwaysbeenandwouldforeverbeattached,thenitmustbeeachandeveryoneofus,theirownfleshandblood.（theappleintheireyes）Growingupaccompaniedwiththeirprofoundloveandcare,wemightmoreorlesshaveneglectedthatyearshavewrinkledtheskin（face）ofouraffectionateparents,whoarealwaysfeelingsolitaryandunattended.Therefore,spendingmoretimetogetherwithourfatherandmother,incomparisonwithaphonecallorapieceofexpensivegiftfromaremotecity,wouldbenecessarilymoreurgentandpleasingforafilialsonordaughter.

Inaddition,anintimateandfrequentconnection（communication）witho