国际贸易地理知识.docx

国际贸易地理知识.docx

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国际贸易地理知识

MapoftheWorld

●QuestionsGeographyasks:

-“Where?

”questions（descriptiveinventory）

Wherearethingslocated?

Whatistheirdistributionacrossthesurfaceoftheearth?

-“Why?

”and“How?

”questions（analyticalapproach）

Whyarethingslocatedwheretheyare?

Howdodifferentthingsrelatetooneanotherataspecificplace?

Howdodifferentplacesrelatetoeachother?

Howhavegeographicpatternsandrelationshipschangedovertime?

-Whatisgeography?

（amoreacademicdefinition）

Itisconcernedwithplace,describesthechangingpatternofplaces,andattemptstounravelthemeaningoftheevolvingofsuchpatterns.

Itseekstounderstandthephysicalandculturalfeaturesofplacesandtheirnaturalsettingsonthefaceoftheearth.

Thespatialdimensioniscentraltogeography.

Itusesadistinctivelanguage–thelanguageofmaps.

☺PartVI–themostinsightful&enlighteningpartthistableprovides:

Geographyhelpsustounderstandtheworld,theearthasitwas,itspasttense,toexploretheworldasitis,itspresenttense,andtothinkoftheworldasitmightbe,itsfuturetense.

˜˜˜˜˜˜˜

TheCarnegieReportonHigherEducation（1991）setsforththealmostcertaindangersthatexistintheglobalfutureifwefailtoseetheworldasthus:

Theworldhasbecomeamorecrowded,moreinterconnected,morevolatileandmoreunstableplace.Ifeducationcannothelpstudentsseebeyondthemselvesandbetterunderstandtheinterdependentnatureofourworld,theneachgenerationwillremainignorant,anditscapacitytolivecompetentlyandresponsiblywillbedangerouslydiminished.（p.42）

●Maps

1.Somefundamentalconceptsofspaceandlocation

1）Propertiesofspace

Geographersconsidervariousdimensionsofspace:

One-dimensionalspace,

Three-dimensionalspace,

Two-dimensionalspacethatcanberepresentedonaplane,

Thespatialelementsofpoint,line,andareamaybeusedtodefinethebasicgeographicconceptsofdistance,direction,andconnectivity.

2）Twokindsoflocation

Absolutelocation（site）ispositioninrelationtoaconventionalgridsystem,suchaslatitudeandlongitudeorstreetaddresses;

Relativelocation（situation）ispositionwithrespecttootherlocations.Itisameasureofconnectivityandaccessibility,anditusuallychangesovertime.

Theconceptofrelativelocationisofgreaterinteresttoeconomicgeographersthanabsolutelocation.

2.Thelanguageofmaps

Cartographers&Cartography–agraphicportrayaloflocation

1）Scale

2）ParallelsofLatitude&MeridiansofLongitude

Bothlatitudeandlongitudearemeasuredindegrees,minutes,andseconds.

☞Equator–alatitudeof0︒

Allotherlatitudinallinesareparalleltotheequatorandtoeachotherandthereforearecalledparallels.Everypointonagivenparallelhasthesamelatitude.

Placesnorthoftheequatorareinnorthlatitude;orv.s.southlatitude.

TheNorthPoleis90︒N;theSouthPole90︒S.

Placesneartheequatorareinlowlatitude;Placesnearthepoles,highlatitude.

TheTropicofCancer,at23.5︒N,andtheTropicofCapricorn,at23.5︒S.

TheArcticCircle,at66.5︒N,andtheAntarcticCircle,at66.5︒S.

Placesbetweentropicandcirclelinesaresaidtobeinmiddlelatitude.

☞MeridianofGreenwichorprimemeridian–alongitudeof0︒

Meridiansoflongitudearestraightlinesconnectingthepoles.Everymeridianisdrawnduenorthandsouth.Theyconvergeatthepolesandarefarthestapartattheequator.

Placeseast（west）oftheprimemeridianareineast（west）longitude.

Themeridianof180︒,exactlyhalfwayaroundtheworldfromtheprimemeridian,istheotherdividinglinebetweenplaceseastandwestofGreenwich.

☞Thecombinationoflatitudeandlongitudegiveusabsolutelocation.

3.OurGlobe

☞NorthernHemispherecontainsthebulkoftheworld’slandandmostoftheprincipalcentersofpopulationandindustry,itthereforeiscalledthe“landhemisphere”,constitutes80%oftheworld’stotallandareaandhasapproximately91%oftheworld’spopulation.

☞SouthernHemisphere,or“waterhemisphere”,hasonly20%ofthelandand9%ofthepopulation.

4.Differentmaps,differentstandings,&differentperspectivesoftheworld

Center&Margin,orCore&Periphery（ethnocentrism）

●TheFieldofGeography

-Geographyasasynthesizingdiscipline

-GeographyofInternationalTrade

Inthecaseofthiscourse,itfocusesupononeoftheworld’smostimportanteconomicactivities,theinternationaltrade,andtherefore,itfallswithinthescopeofeconomicgeography.

-TrendsinEconomicGeography

Economicgeographyisconcernedwiththespatialorganizationanddistributionofeconomicactivity,theuseoftheworld’sresources,andthedistributionandexpansionoftheworldeconomy.

CommercialgeographydevelopedduringtheeraofEuropeanexplorationanddiscoveryfromthe15thcenturythroughthe19thcentury:

BritishscholarG.G.Chisholm（1899）

Hisstatedpurposeofcommercialgeography–tostimulateintellectualinterestingeographicfactsrelatingtotrade;

Hence,hisbookwasaninventoryofcommodityandtradestatistics,hisapproachwasmoredescriptivethananalytical.

Economicgeographywasaffectedby3majorthemesofgeography:

1）Human-environmentalrelations（flourisheduntil1930s）,

environmentaldeterminism–Climates,disease,oreventhe“coloredraces”aresomeofthedeterminantsusedtojustifyeconomicactivities.

2）Arealdifferentiation（influentialfromthelate1930stothelate1950s）,

Adoptingtheviewthatallgeographicphenomenawereuniqueandthattheorybuildingwasoflittlevalue;

Arealdifferentiation–differencesratherthansimilarities–amongplaces,resultedindetaileddescriptionsofproduction,exchange,andconsumptionwithvoluminousfactualdatainsomeofthegreatregionalwriting,overlookingtheneedforcomparativestudies.Arealdifferentiationdominatedgeographyattheexpenseofarealintegration.

3）Spatialorganization（nowthedominantapproach）.

Howspaceisorganizedbyindividualsandsocietiestosuittheirowndesigns;Frameworkforanalyzingandinterpretinglocationdecisionsandspatialstructures;

Themajorityofresearchineconomicgeographytodayremainslocationtheoryandanalysis.Itaimstounderstand“what”productsandservicesareproducedand“how”theyareproduced（i.e.withwhatcombinationofresources）,aswellas“where”theyareproducedand“whythere?

”Thethemeofspatialorganizationisparticularlyvaluableinhelpingustounderstandworlddevelopmentproblems.

PopulationandtheWorldEconomy

●PopulationProblemsintheWorldToday

✓Thestudyofpopulationiscriticallyimportantfor3reasons:

1.Morepeoplearealiveatthistime–6billion–thanatanypointinEarth’slonghistory.

2.Theworld’spopulationincreasedatafasterrateduringthe2ndhalfofthe20thcenturythaneverbeforeinhistory.

3.Virtuallyallglobalpopulationgrowthisconcentratedinlessdevelopedcountries（LDC）.

✓Tostudythechallengeofincreasingthefoodsupply,reducingpollution,andencouragingeconomicgrowth,geographersmustaskwhereandwhyaregion’spopulationisdistributedasitis.

1.whereistheworld’spopulationdistributed?

2.wherehastheworld’spopulationincreased?

3.whyispopulationincreasingatdifferentratesindifferentcountries?

4.whymighttheworldfaceanoverpopulationproblem?

Geography’sfocusonansweringthewhereandwhyquestionshelpstoexplaintheglobalpopulationproblemandtosuggestsolutions.

✓theworld’soverpopulationproblem

1.Overpopulationproblemfromtheperspectiveofglobalization:

ThisproblemisnotsimplyamatterofthetotalnumberofpeopleonEarth,buttherelationshipbetweenthenumberofpeopleandtheavailabilityofresources.

Problemsarisewhenanarea’spopulationexceedsthecapacityoftheenvironmenttosupportthematanacceptablestandardofliving.

2.Overpopulationproblemfromtheperspectiveoflocaldiversity:

Overpopulationisathreatinsomeregionsoftheworldbutnotinothers.Someregionshaveafavorablebalancebetweenpeopleandavailableresources,whileothersdonot.Further,theregionswiththemostpeoplearenotnecessarilythesameastheregionswithanunfavorablebalancebetweenpopulationandresources.

●PopulationDistribution

1.Populationsizeandpopulationconcentrations

6billionpeople;

3/4oftheworld’spopulationliveononly5%ofEarth’ssurface（whichconsistsofoceansandlessintensivelyinhabitedland）;

Theworld’spopulationisclusteredin5regions:

EastAsia,SouthAsia,SoutheastAsia,WesternEurope,andEasternNorthAmerica.Andthese5regionsdisplaysomesimilarities:

✓Mostoftheirpeoplelivenearanocean,ornearariverwitheasyaccesstoanocean,ratherthanintheinteriorlands.E.g.thePacificcoast,HuangandYangziRivervalleys,thecoastlinesoftheArabianSeaandtheBayofBengal（孟加拉湾）,theplainsofGangesriver（恒河），Indo-china,theAtlanticcoastofNorthAmerica,theGreatLakes,etc.

✓Theyoccupygenerallylow-lyingareas（mid-latitudeesp.）,withfertilesoilandtemperateclimate.TheyarealllocatedintheNorthernHemispherebetween10︒and50︒N,withtheexceptionofpartoftheSoutheastAsiaconcentration.

2.Sparselypopulatedregions

Certainphysicalenvironmentshavesomeinfluencesonpermanenthumansettlement.Relativelyfewpeopleliveinregionsthataretoodry,toowet,toocold,ortoomountainousforactivitiessuchasagriculture:

✓Drylands

Landsdeficientinmoisturearesparselysettled.Thelargestdesertregion,extendingfromNorthAfricatoSouthwestandCentralAsia,isknownbytheSahara,Arabian,TaklaMakan,andGobideserts.

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