汽车制动系统中英文对照外文翻译文献.docx
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汽车制动系统中英文对照外文翻译文献
中英文对照外文翻译文献
(文档含英文原文和中文翻译)
原文:
AutomobileBrakeSystem
Thebrakingsystemisthemostimportantsystemincars.Ifthebrakesfail,theresultcanbedisastrous.Brakesareactuallyenergyconversiondevices,whichconvertthekineticenergy(momentum)ofthevehicleintothermalenergy(heat).Whensteppingonthebrakes,thedrivercommandsastoppingforcetentimesaspowerfulastheforcethatputsthecarinmotion.Thebrakingsystemcanexertthousandsofpoundsofpressureoneachofthefourbrakes.
Twocompleteindependentbrakingsystemsareusedonthecar.Theyaretheservicebrakeandtheparkingbrake.
Theservicebrakeactstoslow,stop,orholdthevehicleduringnormaldriving.Theyarefoot-operatedbythedriverdepressingandreleasingthebrakepedal.Theprimarypurposeofthebrakeistoholdthevehiclestationarywhileitisunattended.Theparkingbrakeismechanicallyoperatedbywhenaseparateparkingbrakefootpedalorhandleverisset.
Thebrakesystemiscomposedofthefollowingbasiccomponents:
the“mastercylinder”whichislocatedunderthehood,andisdirectlyconnectedtothebrakepedal,convertsdriverfoot’smechanicalpressureintohydraulicpressure.Steel“brakelines”andflexible“brakehoses”connectthemastercylindertothe“slavecylinders”locatedateachwheel.Brakefluid,speciallydesignedtoworkinextremeconditions,fillsthesystem.“Shoes”and“pads”arepushedbytheslavecylinderstocontactthe“drums”and“rotors”thuscausingdrag,which(hopefully)slowsthecar.
Thetypicalbrakesystemconsistsofdiskbrakesinfrontandeitherdiskordrumbrakesintherearconnectedbyasystemoftubesandhosesthatlinkthebrakeateachwheeltothemastercylinder.
Basically,allcarbrakesarefrictionbrakes.Whenthedriverappliesthebrake,thecontroldeviceforcesbrakeshoes,orpads,againsttherotatingbrakedrumordisksatwheel.Frictionbetweentheshoesorpadsandthedrumsordisksthenslowsorstopsthewheelsothatthecarisbraked.
Inmostmodernbrakesystems,thereisafluid-filledcylinder,calledmastercylinder,whichcontainstwoseparatesections,thereisapistonineachsectionandbothpistonsareconnectedtoabrakepedalinthedriver’scompartment.Whenthebrakeispusheddown,brakefluidissentfromthemastercylindertothewheels.
Atthewheels,thefluidpushesshoes,orpads,againstrevolvingdrumsordisks.Thefrictionbetweenthestationaryshoes,orpads,andtherevolvingdrumsordisksslowsandstopsthem.Thisslowsorstopstherevolvingwheels,which,inturn,sloworstopthecar.
Thebrakefluidreservoirisontopofthemastercylinder.Mostcarstodayhaveatransparentrreservoirsothatyoucanseethelevelwithoutopeningthecover.Thebrakefluidlevelwilldropslightlyasthebrakepadswear.Thisisanormalconditionandnocauseforconcern.Iftheleveldropsnoticeablyoverashortperiodoftimeorgoesdowntoabouttwothirdsfull,haveyourbrakescheckedassoonaspossible.Keepthereservoircoveredexceptfortheamountoftimeyouneedtofillitandneverleaveacamofbrakefluiduncovered.Brakefluidmustmaintainaveryhighboilingpoint.Exposuretoairwillcausethefluidtoabsorbmoisturewhichwilllowerthatboilingpoint.
Thebrakefluidtravelsfromthemastercylindertothewheelsthroughaseriesofsteeltubesandreinforcedrubberhoses.Rubberhosesareonlyusedinplacesthatrequireflexibility,suchasatthefrontwheels,whichmoveupanddownaswellassteer.Therestofthesystemusesnon-corrosiveseamlesssteeltubingwithspecialfittingsatallattachmentpoints.Ifasteellinerequiresarepair,thebestprocedureistoreplacethecompeteline.Ifthisisnotpractical,alinecanberepairedusingspecialsplicefittingsthataremadeforbrakesystemrepair.Youmustneverusecoppertubingtorepairabrakesystem.Theyaredangerousandillegal.
Drumbrakes,itconsistsofthebrakedrum,anexpander,pullbacksprings,astationarybackplate,twoshoeswithfrictionlinings,andanchorpins.Thestationarybackplateissecuredtotheflangeoftheaxlehousingortothesteeringknuckle.Thebrakedrumismountedonthewheelhub.Thereisaclearancebetweentheinnersurfaceofthedrumandtheshoelining.Toapplybrakes,thedriverpushespedal,theexpanderexpandstheshoesandpressesthemtothedrum.Frictionbetweenthebrakedrumandthefrictionliningsbrakesthewheelsandthevehiclestops.Toreleasebrakes,thedriverreleasethepedal,thepullbackspringretractstheshoesthuspermittingfreerotationofthewheels.
Diskbrakes,ithasametaldiskinsteadofadrum.Aflatshoe,ordisk-brakepad,islocatedoneachsideofthedisk.Theshoessqueezetherotatingdisktostopthecar.Fluidfromthemastercylinderforcesthepistonstomovein,towardthedisk.Thisactionpushesthefrictionpadstightlyagainstthedisk.Thefrictionbetweentheshoesanddiskslowsandstopsit.Thisprovidesthebrakingaction.Pistonsaremadeofeitherplasticormetal.Therearethreegeneraltypesofdiskbrakes.Theyarethefloating-calipertype,thefixed-calipertype,andthesliding-calipertype.Floating-caliperandsliding-caliperdiskbrakesuseasinglepiston.Fixed-caliperdiskbrakeshaveeithertwoorfourpistons.
Brakes-whatdotheydo?
Brakesaredesignedtoslowdownyourvehiclebutprobablynotbythemeansthatyouthink.Thecommonmisconceptionisthatbrakessqueezeagainstadrumordisc,andthepressureofthesqueezingactioniswhatslowsyoudown.Thisinfactisonlypartoftheequation.Brakesareessentiallyamechanismtochangeenergytypes.Whenyou'retravellingatspeed,yourvehiclehaskineticenergy.Whenyouapplythebrakes,thepadsorshoesthatpressagainstthebrakedrumorrotorconvertthatenergyintothermalenergyviafriction.Thecoolingofthebrakesdissipatestheheatandthevehicleslowsdown.It'stheFirstLawofThermodynamics,sometimesknownasthelawofconservationofenergy.Thisstatesthatenergycannotbecreatednordestroyed,itcanonlybeconvertedfromoneformtoanother.Inthecaseofbrakes,itisconvertedfromkineticenergytothermalenergy.
Angularforce.Becauseoftheconfigurationofthebrakepadsandrotorinadiscbrake,thelocationofthepointofcontactwherethefrictionisgeneratedalsoprovidesamechanicalmomenttoresisttheturningmotionoftherotor.
Thermodynamics,brakefadeanddrilledrotors.
Ifyourideamotorbikeordrivearacecar,you'reprobablyfamiliarwiththetermbrakefade,usedtodescribewhathappenstobrakeswhentheygettoohot.Agoodexampleiscomingdownamountainpassusingyourbrakesratherthanyourenginetoslowyoudown.Asyoustarttocomedownthepass,thebrakesonyourvehicleheatup,slowingyoudown.Butifyoukeepusingthem,therotorsordrumsstayhotandgetnochancetocooloff.Atsomepointtheycan'tabsorbanymoreheatsothebrakepadsheatupinstead.Ineverybrakepadthereisthefrictionmaterialthatisheldtogetherwithsomesortofresinandoncethisstartstogettoohot,theresinstartstovapourise,formingagas.Becausethegascan'tstaybetweenthepadandtherotor,itformsathinlayerbetweenthetwowhilsttryingtoescape.Thepadslosecontactwiththerotor,reducingtheamountoffrictionandvoila.Completebrakefade.
Thetypicalremedyforthiswouldbetogetthevehicletoastopandwaitforafewminutes.Asthebrakecomponentscooldown,theirabilitytoabsorbheatreturnsandthenexttimeyouusethebrakes,theyseemtoworkjustfine.Thistypeofbrakefadewasmorecommoninoldervehicles.Newervehiclestendtohavelessoutgassingfromthebrakepadcompoundsbuttheystillsufferbrakefade.Sowhy?
It'sstilltodowiththepadsgettingtoohot.Withnewerbrakepadcompounds,thepadstransferheatintothecalipersoncetherotorsaretoohot,andthebrakefluidstartstoboilformingbubblesinit.Becauseairiscompressible(brakefluidisn't)whenyousteponthebrakes,theairbubblescompressinsteadofthefluidtransferringthemotiontothebrakecalipers.Voila.Modernbrakefade.
Sohowdotheengineersdesignbrakestoreduceoreliminatebrakefade?
Foroldervehicles,yougivethatvapourisedgassomewheretogo.Fornewervehicles,youfindsomewaytocooltherotorsoffmoreeffectively.Eitherwayyouendupwithcross-drilledorgroovedbrakerotors.Whilegroovingthesurfacemayreducethespecificheatcapacityoftherotor,itseffectisnegligibleinthegrandschemeofthings.However,underheavybrakingonceeverythingishotandtheresinisvapourising,thegroovesgivethegassomewheretogo,sothepadcancontinuetocontacttherotor,allowingyoutostop.
Thewholeunderstandingoftheconversionofenergyiscriticalinunderstandinghowandwhybrakesdowhattheydo,andwhytheyaredesignedthewaytheyare.Ifyou'veeverwatchedFormula1racing,you'llseethefrontwheelshavehugescoopsinsidethewheelpointingtothefront(seethepictureabove).ThisistoductairtothebrakecomponentstohelpthemcooloffbecauseinF1racing,thebrakesareusedviciouslyeveryfewsecondsandspendalotoftheirtimetryingtostayhot.Withoutsomeformofcoolingassistance,thebrakeswouldbefineforthefirstfewcornersbutthenwouldfadeandbecomenearuselessbyhalfwayaroundthetrack.
Rotortechnology.
Ifabrakerotorwasasinglecastchunkofsteel,itwouldhaveterribleheatdissipationpropertiesandleavenowhereforthevapourisedgastogo.Becauseofthis,brakerotorsaretypicallymodifiedwithallmannerofextradesignfeaturestohelpthemcooldown