语言学导论复习题.docx

语言学导论复习题.docx

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语言学导论复习题

1Introduction

I.Blank-filling

1.Thedescriptionofalanguageatsomepointoftimeinhistoryisasynchronice_____linguisticstudy;thedescriptionofalanguageasitchangesthroughtimeisadiachronic______linguisticstudy.Modernlinguiststendtopreferasynchronic______approachtoadiachronic______one.

2.Speech______andwriting______arethetwomajormediaoflinguisticcommunication.Modernlinguisticsregardsthespeech______languageastheprimarymediumofhumanlanguage.

3.Ifalinguisticstudyaimstodescribeandanalyzethelanguagepeopleactuallyuse,itissaidtobedescriptive_______;ifthelinguisticstudyaimstolaydownrulesfor“correctandstandard”behaviorinusinglanguage,itissaidtobeprescriptive______.

4.Langue______referstotheabstractlinguisticsystemsharedbyallthemembersofaspeechcommunity,andparole______referstotherealizationoflangueinactualuse.

5.Languageisasystemofarbitrary_______vocalsymbolsusedforhumancommunication______.

6.Competence______canbedefinedastheidealuser’sknowledgeoftherulesofhislanguage,andperformance______canbedefinedastheactualrealizationofthisknowledgeinlinguisticcommunication.

7.Languageisarbitrary______inthesensethatthereisnointrinsic本质的connectionbetweenalinguisticsymbolandwhatthesymbolstandsfor.

8.Thefactthatchildrenacquirespokenlanguagebeforetheycanreadorwritealsoindicatesthatlanguageisprimarilyvocal______.

9.Languageisproductive______orcreativeinthatitsuserscanproduceandunderstandaninfinitelylargenumberofsentences,includingsentencestheyhaveneverheardbefore.

10.Languagecanbeusedtorefertothingswhicharepresentorabsent,realorimaginedmattersinthepast,present,orfuture,orinfar-awayplaces.Thisiswhatdisplacement______means.

11.Thestudyoflanguageasawholeisoftencalledgeneral______linguistics.

12.Linguisticscanbedefinedasthesystematic______studyoflanguage______.

13.Dualityofstructuresisalsoreferredtoasdouble______articulation结构双重性______.

II.Multiplechoice

1.ThedistinctionbetweenlangueandparolewasmadebytheSwisslinguist___intheearly20thcentury.

A.Noam.ChomskyB.F.deSaussureC.CharlesHockettD.J.R.Firth

2.ThedistinctionbetweencompetenceandperformancewasmadebytheAmericanlinguist___inthelate1950’s.

A.Noam.ChomskyB.F.deSaussureC.CharlesHockettD.J.R.Firth

3.Amodernlinguistwouldnotprefertobea（n）___.

A.observerB.analyzerC.judgeD.recorder

II.Trueorfalsejudgement

（）1.Langueisconcretewhileparoleisabstract.Langueisrelativelystablewhileparolevariesfrompersontoperson,andfromsituationtosituation.

（）2.SimilartoSaussure,Chomskythinksthatwhatlinguistsshouldstudyistheidealspeaker’sperformance,nothiscompetence.

（）3.Modernlinguisticsisprescriptivewhiletraditionalgrammarisdescriptive.

（）4.Modernlinguisticsregardsthespokenlanguageasprimary,notthewritten.

（）5.TraditionalgrammarforcedlanguagesintoaLatin-basedframework.

（）6.Inmodernlinguistics,adiachronicapproachseemstoenjoypriorityoverasynchronicone.

（）7.“Languageisasystem”meansthatelementsoflanguagearecombinedaccordingtorules.

（）8.Languageisculturallyaswellasgeneticallytransmitted.

（）9.Linguisticsstudiesnotanyparticularlanguage,butlanguagesingeneral.

（）10.Inabroadsenseappliedlinguisticsreferstotheapplicationoflinguistictheoriesandprinciplestolanguageteaching,especiallytheteachingofforeignandsecondlanguages.

（）11.Amodernlinguistisinterestedinwhatissaid,notinwhathethinksoughttobesaid.

Keys:

I.Blank-filling

1.synchronic,diachronic,synchronic,diachronic

2.Speech,writing,speech

3.descriptive,prescriptive

4.Langue,parole

5.arbitrary,communication

petence,performance

7.arbitrary

8.vocal

9.productive

10.displacement

11.general

12.systematic/scientific,language

13.doublearticulation

II.Multiplechoice

1.B2.A3.C

III.Trueorfalsejudgement

1.F2.F3.F4.T5.T6.F7.T8.F9.T10.F

11.T

2Phonology

I.Blank-filling

1.Phonetics______isdefinedasthestudyofthephonicmediumoflanguage.

2.Thethreeimportantbranchesofphoneticsare:

（1）发音学articulatory_______phonetics,whichstudieshowaspeakeruseshisspeechorganstoarticulatethesounds;

（2）听觉acoustic______phonetics,whichstudiesthephysicalpropertiesofspeechsoundsand（3）声学acoustic_______phonetics,whichstudieshowthesoundsareperceivedbythehearer.

4.Vibrationofthevocal_______cords______resultsinaqualityofspeechsoundscalled“voicing______”,whichisafeatureofallvowelsandsomeconsonantsinEnglish.

5.Therearetwowaystotranscribespeechsounds.Thetranscriptionwithletter-symbolsonlyandthetranscriptionwithletter-symbolstogetherwiththediacritics.Theformeriscalledbroad_____transcriptionwhilethelatteriscallednarrow______transcription.

6.Thesound[p]ispronounceddifferentlyinthetwowordspitandspit.Inthewordpit,thesound[p]ispronouncedwithastrongpuffofair,butinspitthepuffofairiswithheldtosomeextent.Inthecaseofpit,the[p]soundissaidtobeaspirated______andinthecaseofspit,the[p]soundisunaspirated______.

7.SpeechsoundsinEnglishcanbedividedintotwobroadcategories:

vowels______andconsonants______.

8.Whenthevocalcordsaredrawnwideapart,lettingairgothroughwithoutcausingvibration,thesoundsproducedinsuchaconditionarevoiceless______.

9.IntermsofmannerofarticulationtheEnglishconsonantscanbeclassifiedintothefollowingtypes:

stops_______,fricatives_______,affricates______,liquids______,nasals_______,glides______.Intermsofplaceofarticulation,theEnglishconsonantscanbeclassifiedintothefollowingtypes:

bilabial______,labiodental______,dental______,alveolar______,palatal______,velar______,glottal______consonants.

10.Englishvowelsmaybedistinguishedasfront______,central______,andback______accordingtowhichpartofthetongueisheldhighest.

11.Accordingtotheopennessofthemouth,wecanclassifythevowelsinto:

close______vowels,semiclose______vowels,semiopen______vowelsandopen______vowels.

12.Vowelscanbeclassifiedaccordingtotheshapeofthelips.InEnglish,allthefrontvowelsareunrounded______vowelsandmostbackvowelsarerounded______.

13.TheEnglishvowelscanbeclassifiedaccordingtothelengthofthesound.Thelongvowelsarealltense______vowelsandthelax______vowelsarelaxvowels.

14.Aphonemeisnotanyparticularsound,butratheritisrepresentedorrealizedbyacertainphone______inacertainphoneticcontext.

15.Thedifferentphoneswhichcanrepresentaphonemeindifferentphoneticenvironmentsarecalledtheallophones______ofthatphoneme.

16.Phoneticallysimilarsoundsmightberelatedintwoways.Iftheyaretwodistinctivephonemestheyaresaidtoformaphonemic______contrast______.Iftheyareallophonesofthesamephoneme,thentheyaresaidtobeincomplementary_______distribution______.

17.Whentwodifferentformsareidenticalineverywayexceptforonesoundsegmentwhichoccursinthesameplaceinthestrings,thetwosoundcombinationsaresaidtoformaminimal______pair______.

19.Rulesthatgovernthecombinationofsoundsinaparticularlanguagearecalledsequential______rules.

21.ThepartsofspeechthatarenormallystressedinanEnglishsentencearenouns_____,main______verbs,adjectives______,adverbs______,numerals______anddemonstrative______pronouns;theothercategoriesofwordslikearticles______,person______pronouns,auxiliary______verbs,preposition______,andconjunctions______areusuallynotstressed.

25.InEnglishwecanproduceasoundbymovingfromonevowelpositiontoanotherthroughinterveningpositions,thesoundthusproducediscalledadiphthong______.

26.Speech______soundsaresoundsthatconveymeaninginhumancommunication.

27.IPAistheshortformforInternational______Phonetic______Alphabet______orI______P______Association______.

28.InEnglishglidesaresometimescalledsemivowels______.TheEnglishglidesare_w_____and___j___.

29.Aphonemeconsistsofasetofdistinctive与众不同的______features.Itisjustbecauseofthesefeaturesthataphonemeiscapableofdistinguishingmeaning.

II.Multiplechoice

1.WhichofthefollowingisNOTasuprasegmentalfeature?

A.phonemeB.stressC.toneD.intonation

2.TheEnglishwordthatcontainsavoicelessbilabialunaspiratedstopis____.

A.peakB.speakC.tipC.topic

3.Chineseisa（n）___language.

A.intonationB.toneC.pitchD.stress

4.Therulesthatgovernthecombinationofsoundsinaparticularlanguagearecalled_________.

A.sequentialrulesB.combiningrulesC.assimilationrulesD.deletionrules

5.Whichofthefollowingisaminimalpair?

A.fear,pearB.put,hutC.bit,beatD.beat,beast

III.Trueorfalsejudgement

（）2.Linguistsareinterestedinallsoundsproducedbyhumans.

（）3.The“same”soundsweclaimtohaveheardareinmostcasesonlyphoneticallysimilar,butrarelyphoneticallyidentical.

（）4.Narrowtranscriptionisnormallyusedindictionariesandteachingtextbooksforgeneralpurposes.

（）6.Aphonemeisaphonologicalunit,itisaunitthatisofdistinctivevalue.

（）7.ThelocationofstressinEnglishdoesnotdistinguishmeaning.

（）10.Conventionallyphonemesareplacedwithinsquarebrackets,andphonesinslashes.

Keys:

Blank-filling

1.Phonetics

2.rticulatory,acoustic,auditory

4.vocalcor