生物专业英语.docx
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生物专业英语
Assessingpotentialdietarytoxicityofheavymetalsinselectedvegetablesandfoodcrops
Abstract:
Heavymetals,suchascadmium,copper,lead,chromiumandmercury,areimportantenvironmentalpollutants,particularlyinareaswithhighanthropogenicpressure.Theirpresenceintheatmosphere,soilandwater,evenintracescancauseseriousproblemstoallorganisms,andheavymetalbioaccumulationinthefoodchainespeciallycanbehighlydangeroustohumanhealth.Heavymetalsenterthehumanbodymainlythroughtworoutesnamely:
inhalationandingestion,ingestionbeingthemainrouteofexposuretotheseelementsinhumanpopulation.Heavymetalsintakebyhumanpopulationsthroughfoodchainhasbeenreportedinmanycountries.Soilthresholdforheavymetaltoxicityisanimportantfactoraffectingsoilenvironmentalcapacityofheavymetalanddeterminesheavymetalcumulativeloadinglimits.Forsoil-plantsystem,heavymetaltoxicitythresholdisthehighestpermissiblecontentinthesoil(totalorbioavailableconcentration)thatdoesnotposeanyphytotoxiceffectsorheavymetalsintheediblepartsofthecropsdoesnotexceedfoodhygienestandards.Factorsaffectingthethresholdsofdietarytoxicityofheavymetalinsoil-cropsysteminclude:
soiltypewhichincludessoilpH,organicmattercontent,claymineralandothersoilchemicalandbiochemicalproperties;andcropspeciesorcultivarsregulatedbygeneticbasisforheavymetaltransportandaccumulationinplants.Inaddition,theinteractionsofsoil-plantroot-microbesplayimportantrolesinregulatingheavymetalmovementfromsoiltotheediblepartsofcrops.Agronomicpracticessuchasfertilizerandwatermanagementsaswellascroprotationsystemcanaffectbioavailabilityandcropaccumulationofheavymetals,thusinfluencingthethresholdsforassessingdietarytoxicityofheavymetalsinthefoodchain.Thispaperreviewsthephytotoxiceffectsandbioaccumulationofheavymetalsinvegetablesandfoodcropsandassessessoilheavymetalthresholdsforpotentialdietarytoxicity.
Keywords:
Heavymetals,Dietarytoxicity,Vegetables,Foodcrops
1.Introduction
Regulation,handlingandbioremediationofhazardousmaterialsrequireanassessmentoftherisktosomelivingspeciesotherthanhumanbeing,orassessmentofhazardtotheentireecosystem.Assessmentendpointsarevaluesoftheecosystemthataretobeprotectedandareidentifiedearlyintheanalysis.Suchendpointsmayincludelifecyclestagesofaspeciesandreproductiveorgrowthpatterns.Ecosystemriskassessmentisatitsdawnwiththisareaofenvironmentsciencesstillrequiringextensiveworkintheindustrializednationsoftheworldforsustainabilityoftheglobalecosystem.
Heavymetals,suchascadmium,copper,lead,chromiumandmercury,areimportantenvironmentalpollutants,particularlyinareaswithhighanthropogenicpressure.Theirpresenceintheatmosphere,soilandwater,evenintraces,cancauseseriousproblemstoallorganisms.Heavymetalaccumulationinsoilsisofconcerninagriculturalproductionduetotheadverseeffectsonfoodquality(safetyandmarketability),cropgrowth(duetophytotoxicity)(Maetal.,1994;MsakyandCalvert,1990;Fergusson,1990)andenvironmentalhealth(soilflora/faunaandterrestrialanimals).Themobilizationofheavymetalsintothebiospherebyhumanactivityhasbecomeanimportantprocessinthegeochemicalcyclingofthesemetals.Thisisacutelyevidentinurbanareaswherevariousstationaryandmobilesourcesreleaselargequantitiesofheavymetalsintotheatmosphereandsoil,exceedingthenaturalemissionrates(Nriagu,1989;Bilosetal.,2001).Heavymetalbioaccumulationinthefoodchaincanbeespeciallyhighlydangeroustohumanhealth.Thesemetalsenterthehumanbodymainlythroughtworoutesnamely:
inhalationandingestion,andwithingestionbeingthemainrouteofexposuretotheseelementsinhumanpopulation.Heavymetalsintakebyhumanpopulationsthroughthefoodchainhasbeenreportedinmanycountrieswiththisproblemreceivingincreasingattentionfromthepublicaswellasgovernmentalagencies,particularlyindevelopingcountries.
Vegetablesconstituteessentialdietcomponentsbycontributingprotein,vitamins,iron,calciumandothernutrients,whichareusuallyinshortsupply(ThompsonandKelly,1990).Theyalsoactasbufferingagentsforacidicsubstancesproducedduringthedigestionprocess.However,theycontainbothessentialandtoxicelementsoverawiderangeofconcentrations.Metalaccumulationinvegetablesmayposeadirectthreattohumanhealth(Türkdoganetal.,2003;Damek-PoprawaandSawicka-Kapusta,2003).Chinesecabbage(BrassicachinensisL.cv.Zao-Shu5),wintergreens(B.rosularisvar.TsenetLeecv.Shang-Hai-Qing),pakchoi(BrassicachinensisL.)andcelery(ApiumggraveolensL.var.dulceDC)aresomecrops,whichwereassessedforheavymetaltoxicity.Vegetablestakeupmetalsbyabsorbingthemfromcontaminatedsoils,aswellasfromdepositsondifferentpartsofthevegetablesexposedtotheairfrompollutedenvironments(Zurera-Cosanoetal.,1989).Ithasbeenreportedthatnearlyhalfofthemeaningestionoflead,cadmiumandmercurythroughfoodisduetoplantorigin(fruit,vegetablesandcereals).Moreover,somepopulationgroupsseemtobemoreexposed,especiallyvegetarians,sincetheyabsorbmorefrequently‘tolerabledailydoses’.
Foodcontaminationbyheavymetalsdependsbothontheirmobilityinthesoilandtheirbioavailability.Thoughsomeofthemobilityandbioavailabilityfactorsareeasytomeasure,determinationofthefoodriskcontaminationistricky.Theaimofthepresentpaperistoreviewconciselythephytotoxiceffectsandbioaccumulationofheavymetalsinvegetablesandfoodcropsandassessmentofsoilheavymetalthresholdsforpotentialdietarytoxicity.
2.HazardousEffectsofHeavyMetalsonHumanHealth
Chroniclow-levelintakesofheavymetalshavedamagingeffectsonhumanbeingsandotheranimals,sincethereisnogoodmechanismfortheirelimination.Metalssuchaslead,mercury,cadmiumandcopperarecumulativepoisons.Thesemetalscauseenvironmentalhazardsandarereportedtobeexceptionallytoxic(Ellenetal.,1990).Vegetablestakeupmetalsbyabsorbingthemfromcontaminatedsoils,aswellasfromdepositsonpartsofthevegetablesexposedtotheairfrompollutedenvironments(Zurera-Cosanoetal.,1989).
Metalcontaminationofgardensoilsmaybewidespreadinurbanareasduetopastindustrialactivityandtheuseoffossilfuels(Chronopoulosetal.,1997;Sánchez-Camazanoetal.,1994;Sterrettetal.,1996;vanLune,1987;Wong,1996).Heavymetalsmayenterthehumanbodythroughinhalationofdust,directingestionofsoil,andconsumptionoffoodplantsgrowninmetal-contaminatedsoil(Cambraetal.,1999;DudkaandMiller,1999;Hawley,1985).Potentiallytoxicmetalsarealsopresentincommerciallyproducedfoodstuffs(DEFRA,1999).Exposuretopotentiallytoxicmetalsfromdustinhalationorsoilingestionisusuallymodelledsimplyastheconcentrationofacontaminantmeasuredinthesoilmultipliedbythequantityofdustinhaledorsoilingested(Konzetal.,1989).Thisisaconservativeapproachtoestimatedose,becausethebioaccessibilityofheavymetalsadsorbedoningestedsoilisnot100%(Rubyetal.,1999).However,predictingexposuretopotentiallytoxicmetalsfromconsumptionoffoodcropsismorecomplicatedbecauseuptakeofmetalsbyplantsdependsonsoilpropertiesandplantphysiologicfactors.Thisleadstomuchlargeruncertaintiesassociatedwithestimatingpotentialdosesthroughfoodchainscomparedtotheuncertaintiesassociatedwithotherexposurepathwayssuchassoilingestionanddustinhalation(McKone,1994).
Leadisatoxicelementthatcanbeharmfultoplants,althoughplantsusuallyshowabilitytoaccumulatelargeamountsofleadwithoutvisiblechangesintheirappearanceoryield.Inmanyplants,Pbaccumulationcanexceedseveralhundredtimesthethresholdofmaximumlevelpermissibleforhuman(Wierzbicka,1995).TheintroductionofPbintothefoodchainmayaffecthumanhealth,andthus,studiesconcerningPbaccumulationinvegetableshaveincreasingimportance(Coutate,1992).AlthoughamaximumPblimitforhumanhealthhasbeenestablishedforediblepartsofcrops(0.2mg/kg)(ChineseDepartmentofPreventiveMedicine,1994),soilPbthresholdsforproducingsafevegetablesarenotavailable.
KnowledgeofZntoxicityinhumansisminimal.ThemostimportantinformationreportedisitsinterferencewithCumetabolism(Baroneetal.,1998;GyorffyandChan,1992).ThesymptomsthatanacuteoralZndosemayprovokeinclude:
tachycardia,vascularshock,dyspepticnausea,vomiting,diarrhea,pancreatictisanddamageofhepaticparenchyma(Salgueiroetal.,2000).AlthoughmaximumZntoleranceforhumanhealthhasbeenestablishedforediblepartsofcrops(20mg/kg)(ChineseDepartmentofPreventiveMedicine,1995),soilZnthresholdforproducingsafevegetablesisnotavailable.
AccordingtoHoughetal.(2004)underPartIIAoftheEnvironmentalProtectionAct1990,theUKgovernmentfavorsa“suitableforuse”approachtoredevelopment(DETR,2000):
Landiscontaminatedonlyifthecurrentorintendeduseofasitehasthepotentialtocauseanunacceptablehealthrisktohumanoccupantsortotheenvironment.UndertheUKTownandCountryPlanningAct1990(DETR,2000),thisapproachrequiresthatlandbeassessedforredevelopmentonasite-specificbasis.Atpresent,concentrationsofmetalsinthesoilarecomparedtometal-specific“triggervalues”(termed“maximumcontaminantlevels”or“maximumcontaminantconcentrations”inNorthAmerica).Inthepastthese