计算机英语第4章.docx
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计算机英语第4章
Chapter4DatabaseSystem
LearningObjectives:
Attheendofthischapter,youareexpectedto:
●understandthemainideasofeverypassage;
●masterthekeywordsandphrases,especiallytechnicaltermsofeverypassageaswellastheirusage;
●haveaclearideaofDatabaseManagementSystems,MicrosoftAccess,MicrosoftSQLServerandMicrosoftCorporation;
●knowsomethingaboutthetranslationmethodsofadjectives.
Warm-up:
Labelthefollowingpictureswiththetermsinthebox:
1.SQLServer2.IBM3.Excel4.Microsoft5.DBMS
6.mainframe7.BileGates8.MySQL9.Access
A._____________________
B.______________________
C.______________________
D._____________________
E._____________________
F.______________________
G._____________________
H.______________________
I.______________________
4.1IntroductiontoDatabaseSystems
Thecomputerhastoexecuteanumberofcomplexinstructionsinordertopresentasolutiontotheuser.Theback-endmaybeinvisible,butessentialtotherunningofaprogram.ADatabasemanagementsystemisacollectionofsoftwaretoolswhichsifts,separates,collates,storesandretrievesdata.EssentiallyaDBMSconsistsofadatabasewhichisagroupofdatatablesandrecordsthatarequeriedbyusersoftware.
Theearliestdatabaseswerequitesimpleindesignandwererunonmainframes.IBMwasoneofthepioneersindevelopingdatabasemanagementsystems.DB2isoneofthepopularDBMSwhichisstillusedinmainframes.AvariationofthissoftwarecalledDB2UDBorUniversalDataBushasbeenintroducedforWindowsapplications.Sybase,InformixandIngressaresomeoftheotherDBMSwhichwerepopularonceuponatimebuthavebeeneitherpurchasedoramalgamatedwithotherDBMSorhavesimplydisappearedfromthemarket.Microsoft,realizingthepotentialofdatabasesoftwareenteredthemarketwithtwovariations.MicrosoftAccesswasanentryleveldatabasesoftwarewithlimitedcapabilitieswhereasMicrosoftSQLServerwasamoreadvancedversionwithonlinetransactionprocessingcapabilities.ThemajorlimitationwasthatitcouldbeusedonlyonWindowsplatform.
OracleCorporationmaybecalledapioneerofdatabasemanagementsystems.Itssoftwareversionsrunonmultipleplatformslikemainframes,UNIXanditsvariations,WindowsandevenonLinuxplatform.TheDBMSsoftwarefromOraclehasbeenthesystemofchoiceforBanksandfinancialinstitutionsprimarilyfortheirsecurityfeatures,robustnessandversatility.ReplicationandotheradvancedfeatureshavemaintainedOracleDBMSastheprimaryDBMS.OraclehasalsodevelopedBusinessintelligencemodules(BI)andpowerfulqueryfeaturestoenhancethecapabilityofitsDBMS.ManyvariationsofDBMSareavailableasfreedownloadsandhavebecomequitepopular.MySQLisoneofthepopularfreesoftware.
back-endn.后端
invisible[]
adj.看不见的
sift[sift]v.筛选
collate[]
v.比较
retrieve[]
v.重新得到
query
[]n.
查询,询问
mainframe
[]n.
[计]大型计算机
variation
[]n.
变异,变种
amalgamate
[]v.
合并
transactionprocessing
事务处理
robustness[]
adj.坚固,耐用
versatility
[]n.
多功能性
replication
[]
n.复制
ThedevelopmentofStructuredQueryLanguage(SQL)andRelationalDatabaseManagementSystems(RDBMS)aretwoimportantmilestonesinthehistoryofDBMS.Intoday'scomplexdataenvironment,dataintegritybothatthedatabaselevelandquerylevelisessential.Thecycleforaspecificqueryhastobecompletedwithoutdatacorruption.RealApplicationCluster(RAC)isthelatestadvancementindatabasemanagement.
DataSecurityisanotherimportantfeatureofaDBMS.InthisregarddatabackupandreplicationareimportantfeaturesofDBMS.Thedatabaseshouldexhibitreplicationtransparencytoensurequickrecoveryincaseofdisasterorhardwarefailure.Disasterrecoveryshouldbepossiblebothatthehardwareandsoftwarelevel.
ModernDatabaseManagementsystemshavetocatertoacomplexcomputingenvironment.SequentialQueryLanguageandRelationalDBMSaresomeoftheimportantfeaturesoftheseDBMS.RemotedatabasemanagementandadministrationarefastbecominganormintheDatabasecommunity.IBM,MicrosoftandOraclearemajorvendorsofdatabasemanagementsystems.MySQLisapopularopensourceDBMS.(502words)
integrity
[]
n.完全,完整性
dataintegrity
数据完整性
transparency
[]
n.透明,透明度
recovery
[]n.
恢复,痊愈
cater
[]vi.
满足,投合
Exercises:
I.Tellwhetherthefollowingstatementsaretrue(T)orfalse(F)accordingtothetext.
1.ADatabasemanagementsystemisacollectionofsoftwaretoolswhichprovidesmoviesandmusicforus.
2.Theearliestdatabaseswererunonmicrocomputers.
3.Microsoftwasoneofthepioneersindevelopingdatabasemanagementsystems.
4.Databackupandreplicationareimportantfordatasecurity.
5.MySQLisafreeDBMS.
II.MatchthewordsorexpressionsintheleftcolumnwiththeChineseequivalentsintherightcolumn.
1.mainframe
A.比较
2.robustness
B.(美国)甲骨文公司
3.StructuredQueryLanguage
C.数据完整性
4.collate
D.大型计算机
5.transactionprocessing
E.数据库管理系统
6.Oracle
F.坚固,耐用
7.DBMS
G.结构化查询语言
8.dataintegrity
H.查询
9.RelationalDatabaseManagementSystems
I.关系型数据库管理系统
10.query
J.事务处理
III.Fillineachoftheblankswithoneofthewordsorexpressionsinthebox,makingchangesifnecessary:
transactiondesignchangedinquiriesDBMS
performedrequirementsdisruptionadded
Whena__________
(1)isused,informationsystemscanbe__________
(2)muchmoreeasilyastheorganization'sinformation__________(3)change.Newcategoriesofdatacanbe__________(4)tothedatabasewithout__________(5)totheexistingsystem.
OrganizationsmayuseonekindofDBMSfordaily__________(6)andthenmovethedetailontoanothercomputerthatusesanotherDBMSbettersuitedforrandom__________(7)andanalysis.Overallsystems__________(8)decisionsareperformedbydataadministratorsandsystemsanalysts.Detaileddatabasedesignis__________(9)bydatabaseadministrators.
IV.TranslatethefollowingsentencesfromEnglishintoChinese
1.ADBMSisacomplexsetofsoftwareprogramsthatcontrolstheorganization,storage,management,andretrievalofdatainadatabase.
2.DBMSsarecategorizedaccordingtotheirdatastructuresortypes.
3.Thefourmostcommontypesoforganizationsarethehierarchical,network,relationalandobjectmodels.
4.Datasecuritypreventsunauthorizedusersfromviewingorupdatingthedatabase.
5.Usingpasswords,usersareallowedaccesstotheentiredatabaseorsubsets.
4.2MicrosoftAccess
MicrosoftAccessisapopulardatabasesoftwarewhichhasthesamelookandfeelasallotherMicrosoftproducts.Ineffectonedoesn'thavetosearchforthetoolsandcanactuallyworkwiththetoolstheyarefamiliarwith.ItintegrateswellwiththeOfficetools.Additionally,thereisafacilitytoimportMicrosoftexcelspreadsheetwhichsomediehardexceluserswouldfindexciting.
ThemajorcomponentsofMicrosoftAccesscanbedividedintothreeessentialparts:
Tables,queriesandforms.TablesarejustlikeExcelsheetsandonecanbecomefamiliarwithitwithoutspendingmuchtime.Atableisnothingbutalistofdataentrieswhichindatabaseparlanceiscalledarecord.
Thenextquestionwhichautomaticallycomestoourmindishowtoaccessthedatastoredinatable.Therearetwowaysyoucanaccomplishthis.Youcaneitheropenthetableandscrollthroughtherecordsorquerymultipletablesinsideadatabase.Toharnessthetruepowerofdatabasesoftware,itisimportanttoknowaboutqueriesandhowtousethem.Queriesareusefulinsorting,retrievingandpresentingthecorrectdatafromcomplexdatabases.
WecanseethatadatabaseinAccessconsistsoftableswheredataisstoredandthisdatacanberetrievedandmanipulatedusingqueries.ThethirdaspectofMicrosoftAccessisforms.Itispossibletoaddinformationontoatablebysimplyopeningitandaddingdataorrecordstoit.Thatwouldbeperfectlyfineifadatabaseconsistedofasingletable.Whathappensifthedataissharedbetweenmultipletables?
Physicallyopeningtablesdoesn'tseemlikeagoodoptioninthatcase.
Ofcoursethereisalwaysthechanceforcorruptingdataifdirectaccesstothetablesisavailable.Thisisthereasonformsareprovided.Hereonedoesn'thavedirectaccesstotablesanddatatherebyreducingthechanceofcorruptingdata.Accessalsoprovides
facility[]
n.容易,便利
diehard
[]n.
顽固分子
table表,表格
forms[计]窗体
sheet[]n.
表格
dataentry数据登记项
parlance[]
n.说法,术语
scroll[]
v.翻阅
harness[]vt.管理,支配
sort[]
v.分类,拣选
manipulate
[]
vt.操作
option[]
n.选择
corrupt[]
vt.使败坏,使恶化
auser-friendlyformsinterfacethatallowsuserstoenterinformationinagraphicalformandhavethatinformationtransparentlypassedtothedatabase.
AnotherimportantfeatureofMicrosoftAccessistheReports.Dataoncequeriedthroughtheformshastobepresentedinacoherentmanner.Datafrommultipletablesmayhavetobepresentedonasinglescreen.Thiscanbeachievedthroughreports.
Todaymostdatabasesoftwareshouldbecapableofprovidinginformationontheinternetandintranets.MicrosoftAccesshasatoolthatcaneasilyconverttablesintoHTMLformatwhichcanthenbeuploadedtoawebserver.AveryimportantfeatureistheintegrationofMicrosoftAccesswithSQLServer.ThiscanbeaccomplishedwithintheMicrosoftAccessenvironment.
Tosumup,M