2.-conversational-implicature会话含义.pptx

2.-conversational-implicature会话含义.pptx

《2.-conversational-implicature会话含义.pptx》由会员分享，可在线阅读，更多相关《2.-conversational-implicature会话含义.pptx（98页珍藏版）》请在冰豆网上搜索。

Chapter2,ConversationalImplicature会话含义,2.1Conversationalimplicature2.2CooperativePrinciple（Grice）Neo-Griceantheories2.3Relevancetheory（SperberandWilson）2.4TheQ-andR-principles（Horn）2.5TheQ-,I-andM-principles（Levinson）,2.1Conversationalimplicature,Whatisthemeaningofthefollowingsentence:

Isthisyourpen?

theownershipofapen（aquestion）MayIuseyourpen?

（arequest）Youveleftbehindyourpen.（areminder）Pickitup.（anorder）,Whendoesthefollowingsentencemakessense?

Childrenarechildren.Twokindofmeanings:

（Stevenson,1963）1.DescriptiveorConventionalmeaning2.PsychologicalorPragmaticmeaning,Gricesanalysisofmeaningandintention:

Thereisacloserelationshipbetweenthenotionofmeaningandthenotionofintention.Inspeakingalanguage,thespeakerattemptstocommunicatethingstohishearerbygettingthehearertorecognizethespeakersintentiontocommunicatejustthosethings.Thereisadistinctionbetweenwhatissaidandwhatisimplicated,Thetheoryofconversationalimplicatureisthesecondmajortheoryinpragmatics.HerbertPaulGricebegantoformulatehisideasofthistheoryinthefifties.Hedeliveredlectures-theWilliamJamesLecturesatHarvardin1967.Partofthelectures“LogicandConversation”waspublishedin1975.,2.2.CooperativePrinciple（Grice）,CooperativePrinciple（CP）Makeyourconversationalcontributionsuchasisrequired,atthestageatwhichitoccurs,bytheacceptedpurposeordirectionofthetalkexchangeinwhichyouareengaged.使你说的话符合你所参与的交谈的公认的目的或方向-Grice（1975）,Fourmaxims,QuantityMaxim数量准则1）Makeyourcontributionasinformativeasisrequired（forthecurrentpurposesoftheexchange）.使自己所说的话达到交谈的现实目的所要求的详尽程度2）Donotmakeyourcontributionmoreinformativethanisrequired.自己所说的话不能比所要求的更详尽,QuantityMaximleadstoHumor,Gary:

Howwasyourfightwithyourwife?

Dustin:

Shecamecrawlingtomeonherhandsandknees.Gary:

Isthatso?

Whatdidshesaytoyou?

Dustin:

Shesaid,“Comeoutfromunderthebedandfightlikeaman!

”,QualityMaxim质量准则Trytomakeourcontributiononethatistrue.所说的话是真的1）Donotsaywhatyoubelievetobefalse.不说自己认为是不真实的话2）Donotsaythatforwhichyoulackadequateevidence.不说自己缺乏足够证据的话,QualityMaximleadstoHumor,Amanwaitedoverthreehourstogreethisnephewattheairport.Theuncle:

WhenwillflightC1308arrive?

Imnervousbecauseitsmynephewsfirstflight.Iwanttomakesurehessafe.Airlineworker:

Howoldistheboy?

Theuncle:

Hewassixyearsoldwhenheleft!

RelationMaxim关联准则Berelevant.说话要贴切MannerMaxim方式准则Beperspicuous:

1）Avoidobscurityofexpression避免晦涩词语2）Avoidambiguity避免歧异3）Bebrief说话要简要（避免赘述）4）Beorderly说话要有条理,RelationMaximleadstoHumor,Customer:

Whatisthisflydoinginmysoup?

Waiter:

Itlookslikehesdoingthebackstroke.儿子：

爸爸，今天晚上我能用你的汽车吗？

父亲：

孩子，你长着两条腿是干什么用的？

儿子：

一条踩油门，另一条踩刹车。

MannerMaximleadstoHumor,（Inthemiddleofabusystreet）Woman:

Officer,canyoutellmehowtogettothehospital?

Policeman:

Juststandwhereyouare.,ViolationofCP,BUThowcanGriceexplainwhywefrequentlyviolatetheCooperativePrinciple?

Gricewouldclaimthat:

EvenifpeopledontseemtobefollowingthemaximsoftheCooperativePrinciple,theyarefollowing（严格遵守）theCPatsomedeeperlevel!

4possiblesituationswhereCPcanbeviolatedquietlyandunostentatiouslyviolateCP（mostlikelytomislead）optout（e.g.Icantsaymore.Mylipsaresealed.）faceadilemma（e.g.fulfillthequalitymaximbutviolatethequantitymaxim:

-WheredoesClive?

-SomewhereinthesouthofFrance.）flout（deliberatelyviolate）amaximbutdonotmislead,Thefourthcasecanmostlikelytogenerateconversationalimplictures.ThespeakerobservesCPonthewhole,buthedeliberatelyfailstofulfillcertainmaximsinordertogenerateconversationalimplicature.Whatissaiddiffersfromwhatisimplicated.Amaximisbeingexploited.Othermeaningshavebeenconceivedonotherdeeperlevels.,DefaultinterpretationSolongasthehearerassumesthatthespeakeriscooperative,hewillgoontryingtofindthemostappropriatemeaningtotheseeminglyuntrue,irrelevantutterancesbythespeaker.-G.Leech（1983）.,Examples,A:

WheresBill?

B:

TheresayellowVWoutsideSueshouse.Thisseemstoviolatethequalitymaximsandrelationmaxim,but.WeinterpretBsutteranceasstillbeingcooperative.,WeassumeBisbeingcooperative.Weasktheconnectionbetween1）Billslocation;and2）thelocationofayellowVW.Wearriveatthesuggestionthat,ifBillhasayellowVW,hemaybeinSueshouse.InferencescontrarytothesurfacearewhatGricecalls“conversationalimplicatures”!

Iftheconversationsparticipantsarefollowingmostofthemaxims,thespeakermaystillrequestthatthehearermakebasicinferences.Theonlypurposeofanyviolationmaybeinthenameofefficiency.Inthefollowingexample,maximsseemtobeviolated（atthesurfacelevel）.,A:

（topasserby）:

Ivejustrunoutofpetrol.B:

Oh;theresagaragejustaroundthecorner.（violationofrelation