Plagiarism抄袭.docx

Plagiarism抄袭.docx

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Plagiarism抄袭

Plagiarism

IsItPlagiarismYet?

Summary:

Therearefewintellectualoffensesmoreseriousthanplagiarisminacademicandprofessionalcontexts.Thisresourceoffersadviceonhowtoavoidplagiarisminyourwork.

Contributors:

KarlStolley,AllenBrizee,JoshuaM.Paiz

LastEdited:

2013-02-1312:

01:

30

Therearesomeactionsthatcanalmostunquestionablybelabeledplagiarism.Someoftheseincludebuying,stealing,orborrowingapaper（including,ofcourse,copyinganentirepaperorarticlefromtheWeb）;hiringsomeonetowriteyourpaperforyou;andcopyinglargesectionsoftextfromasourcewithoutquotationmarksorpropercitation.

Butthenthereareactionsthatareusuallyinmoreofagrayarea.Someoftheseincludeusingthewordsofasourcetoocloselywhenparaphrasing（wherequotationmarksshouldhavebeenused）orbuildingonsomeone'sideaswithoutcitingtheirspokenorwrittenwork.Sometimesteacherssuspectingstudentsofplagiarismwillconsiderthestudents'intent,andwhetheritappearedthestudentwasdeliberatelytryingtomakeideasofothersappeartobehisorherown.

However,otherteachersandadministratorsmaynotdistinguishbetweendeliberateandaccidentalplagiarism.Solet'slookatsomestrategiesforavoidingevensuspicionofplagiarisminthefirstplace

Whendowegivecredit?

Thekeytoavoidingplagiarismistomakesureyougivecreditwhereitisdue.Thismaybecreditforsomethingsomebodysaid,wrote,emailed,drew,orimplied.Manyprofessionalorganizations,includingtheModernLanguageAssociation（MLA）andtheAmericanPsychologicalAssociation（APA）,havelengthyguidelinesforcitingsources.However,studentsareoftensobusytryingtolearntherulesofMLAformatandstyleorAPAformatandstylethattheysometimesforgetexactlywhatneedstobecredited.Here,then,isabrieflistofwhatneedstobecreditedordocumented:

Wordsorideaspresentedinamagazine,book,newspaper,song,TVprogram,movie,Webpage,computerprogram,letter,advertisement,oranyothermedium

Informationyougainthroughinterviewingorconversingwithanotherperson,facetoface,overthephone,orinwriting

Whenyoucopytheexactwordsorauniquephrase

Whenyoureprintanydiagrams,illustrations,charts,pictures,orothervisualmaterials

Whenyoureuseorrepostanyelectronically-availablemedia,includingimages,audio,video,orothermedia

Bottomline,documentanywords,ideas,orotherproductionsthatoriginatesomewhereoutsideofyou.

Thereare,ofcourse,certainthingsthatdonotneeddocumentationorcredit,including:

Writingyourownlivedexperiences,yourownobservationsandinsights,yourownthoughts,andyourownconclusionsaboutasubject

Whenyouarewritingupyourownresultsobtainedthroughlaborfieldexperiments

Whenyouuseyourownartwork,digitalphotographs,video,audio,etc.

Whenyouareusing"commonknowledge,"thingslikefolklore,commonsenseobservations,myths,urbanlegends,andhistoricalevents（butnothistoricaldocuments）

Whenyouareusinggenerally-acceptedfacts,e.g.,pollutionisbadfortheenvironment,includingfactsthatareacceptedwithinparticulardiscoursecommunities,e.g.,inthefieldofcompositionstudies,"writingisaprocess"isagenerally-acceptedfact.

Decidingifsomethingis"commonknowledge"

Generallyspeaking,youcanregardsomethingascommonknowledgeifyoufindthesameinformationundocumentedinatleastfivecrediblesources.Additionally,itmightbecommonknowledgeifyouthinktheinformationyou'representingissomethingyourreaderswillalreadyknow,orsomethingthatapersoncouldeasilyfindingeneralreferencesources.Butwhenindoubt,cite;ifthecitationturnsouttobeunnecessary,yourteacheroreditorwilltellyou.

SafePractices:

AnExercise

Summary:

Therearefewintellectualoffensesmoreseriousthanplagiarisminacademicandprofessionalcontexts.Thisresourceoffersadviceonhowtoavoidplagiarisminyourwork.

Contributors:

KarlStolley,AllenBrizee,JoshuaM.Paiz

LastEdited:

2013-02-2209:

28:

44

Readovereachofthefollowingpassages,andrespondonyourownorasaclassastowhetherornotitusescitationsaccurately.Ifitdoesn't,whatwouldyoudotoimprovethepassagesoit'sproperlycited?

1.Lastsummer,myfamilyandItraveledtoChicago,whichwasquitedifferentfromtheruralareaIgrewupin.WesawthedinosaurSueattheFieldMuseum,andatepizzaatGino'sEast.

2.Americanswanttocreateamoreperfectunion;theyalsowanttoestablishjustice,ensuredomestictranquility,provideforthecommondefense,promotethegeneralwelfare,andsecuretheblessingsoflibertyforeverybody.

3.Ifinditridiculousthat57%ofhighschoolstudentsthinktheirteachersassigntoomuchhomework.

Numbers4,5,and6allrefertothefollowingpassagefromMartinLutherKing's"LetterfromtheBirminghamJail":

YoudeplorethedemonstrationstakingplaceinBirmingham.Butyourstatement,Iamsorrytosay,failstoexpressasimilarconcernfortheconditionsthatbroughtaboutthedemonstrations.Iamsurethatnoneofyouwouldwanttorestcontentwiththesuperficialkindofsocialanalysisthatdealsmerelywitheffectsanddoesnotgrapplewithunderlyingcauses.ItisunfortunatethatdemonstrationsaretakingplaceinBirmingham,butitisevenmoreunfortunatethatthecity'swhitepowerstructurelefttheNegrocommunitywithnoalternative.

4.MartinLutherKingwascertainthatnobodywouldwanttobecontentedwithafeigningtypeofsocialanalysisthatconcernsitselfonlywitheffectsanddoesn'tdealwithrootcauses.

5.MartinLutherKingwrotethatthecityofBirmingham's"whitepowerstructure"leftAfrican-Americansthere"noalternative"buttodemonstrate（"LetterfromtheBirminghamJail"para.5）.

6.In"LetterfromtheBirminghamJail,"Kingwritestofellowclergysayingthatalthoughthey"deplorethedemonstrationstakingplaceinBirmingham,yourstatementfailstoexpressasimilarconcernfortheconditionsthatbroughtaboutthedemonstrations."

7.MyfriendKaratoldmethatsheloveslivingsoclosetotheocean.

8.Americansareguaranteedtherighttofreelygatherforpeacefulmeetings.

Plagiarism

FromWikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia

Changesmustbereviewedbeforebeingdisplayedonthispage.show/hidedetails

Forotheruses,seePlagiarism（disambiguation）.

ForWikipediapoliciesconcerningplagiarism,seeWikipedia:

PlagiarismandWikipedia:

Copyrightviolations.

Pageprotectedwithpendingchangeslevel1

Plagiarismisthe"wrongfulappropriation"and"stealingandpublication"ofanotherauthor's"language,thoughts,ideas,orexpressions"andtherepresentationofthemasone'sownoriginalwork.[1][2]Theidearemainsproblematicwithuncleardefinitionsandunclearrules.[3][4][5]ThemodernconceptofplagiarismasimmoralandoriginalityasanidealemergedinEuropeonlyinthe18thcentury,particularlywiththeRomanticmovement.

Plagiarismisconsideredacademicdishonestyandabreachofjournalisticethics.Itissubjecttosanctionslikepenalties,suspension,andevenexpulsion.Recently,casesof'extremeplagiarism'havebeenidentifiedinacademia.[6]

Plagiarismisnotacrimepersebutinacademiaandindustry,itisaseriousethicaloffense,[7][8]andcasesofplagiarismcanconstitutecopyrightinfringement.

Contents[hide]

1Etymology

2Legalaspects

3Inacademiaandjournalism

3.1Academia

3.1.1Sanctionsforstudentplagiarism

3.2Journalism

3.3Self-plagiarism

3.3.1Theconceptofself-plagiarism

3.3.2Self-plagiarismandcodesofethics

3.3.3Factorsthatjustifyreuse

3.4Organizationalpublications

4Inthearts

4.1Plagiarismandthehistoryofart

4.2Praisingsofartisticplagiarism

5Inothercontexts

5.1PlagiarismontheInternet

6Seealso

7References

8Workscited

9Furtherreading

10Externallinks

Etymology[edit]

Inthe1stcentury,theuseoftheLatinwordplagiarius（literallykidnapper）todenotestealingsomeoneelse'sworkwaspioneeredbyRomanpoetMartial,whocomplainedthatanotherpoethad"kidnappedhisverses.""Plagiary",aderivativeof"plagiarus"wasintroducedintoEnglishin1601bydramatistBenJonsontodescribesomeoneguiltyofliterarytheft.[7][9]

ThederivedformplagiarismwasintroducedintoEnglisharound1620.[10]TheLatinplagiārius,"kidnapper",andplagium,"kidnapping",hastherootplaga（"snare","net"）,basedontheIndo-Europeanroot*-plak,"toweave"（seenforinstanceinGreekplekein,Bulgarian"плета"pleta,Latinplectere,allmeaning"toweave"）.

Legalaspects[edit]

Althoughplagiarisminsomecontextsisconsideredtheftorstealing,theconceptdoesnotexistinalegalsense."Plagiarism"isnotmentionedinanycurrentstatute,eithercriminalorcivil.[11][8]Somecasesmaybetreatedasunfaircompetitionoraviolationofthedoctrineofmoralrights.[8]Theincreasedavailabilityofintellectualpropertyduetoariseintechnologyhasfurtheredthedebateastowhethercopyrightoffencesarecriminal.[citationneeded]Inshort,peopleareaskedtousetheguideline,"...ifyoudidnotwriteityourself,youmustgivecredit."[12]

Plagiarismisnotthesameascopyrightinfringement.Whilebothtermsmayapplytoaparticularact,theyaredifferentconcepts,andfalseclaimsofauthorshipmayconstituteplagiarismregardlessofwhetherthematerialisprotectedbycopyright.

Copyrightinfringementisaviolationoftherightsofacopyrightholder,whenmaterialwhoseuseisrestrictedbycopyrightisusedwithoutconsent.Plagiarism,incontrast,isconcernedwiththeunearnedincrementtotheplagiarizingauthor'sreputationthatisachievedthroughfalseclaimsofauthorsh