高一定语从句专题讲解练习.docx
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高一定语从句专题讲解练习
定语从句专题
一、定语从句中关系词选择的总体原则
1.要与先行词保持类属(指人指物)上的一致。
2.要以先行词在定语从句中(绝不是主句)中所充当的句子成分,即所起的作用而定。
先行词在定语从句中充当主语、宾语、定语、表语和状语。
3.要以定语从句的种类而定,是限制性定语从句还是非限制性定语从句。
现列表归纳如下:
指人
指物
限定从句
主语
定语
宾语
主语
定语
宾语
状语
时间
地点
原因
方式
who
that
whose
who
whom
that
that
which
as
whose
that
which
as
when
where
why/
forwhich
that/
inwhich/不填
非限定语从句
who
whose
who
whom
which
as
whose
which
as
when
where
备注:
非限制性定语从句中,指代主句句意时用which/as,但注意区分。
that不能于非限制性定语从句。
二、关系代词和关系副词的用法:
(一)关系代词的用法:
1.who指人,在定语从句中做主语或宾语,在限制性定语从句中做宾语时可省略。
TheboyswhoareplayingfootballarefromClassOne.(主语)
Theman(who/whom)youmetjustnowismyfriend.(宾语)
2.whom指人,在定语从句中做宾语,在限制性定语从句中常可省略。
Mr.Liuistheperson(whom)youtalkedaboutonthebus.
Mr.Lingisjusttheboy(whom)Iwanttosee.
3.which指物,在定语从句中做主语或者宾语,在限制性定语从句中做宾语时可省略。
1)在限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句中,指代前面某个名词。
Footballisagamewhichislikedbymostboys.(主语)
Thisisthepen(which)heboughtyesterday.(宾语)
LastnightwewenttoAnn’sparty,whichweenjoyedverymuch.(宾语)
2)在非限制性定语从句中,指代前面句意。
Theweatherturnedouttobeverygood,whichwasmorethanwecouldexpect.(主语)
4.that在限制性定语从句中指人时,相当于who或者whom;指物时,相当于which。
在定语从句中做主语或者宾语,做宾语时可省略。
Thenumberofthepeoplethat/whocometovisitthecityeachyearrisesonemillion.(主语)
Whereistheman(that/whom/who)Isawthismorning?
(宾语)
Ilikethebook(that/which)hegaveme.(宾语)
△注意:
that不能用于非限制性定语从句。
5.whose通常指人,也可指物,在定语从句中做定语来修饰名词,其常用结构为:
whomwhom
whose+名词=the+名词+of+=of++the+名词
whichwhich
(1)Hehasafriendwhosefatherisadoctor.
(2)Ioncelivedinahousewhoseroofhasfallenin.
whosedoorisbrokenwillsoonberepaired.
(3)Theclassroomthedoorofwhichisbrokenwillsoonberepaired.
ofwhichthedoorisbrokenwillsoonberepaired.
6.as引导定语从句时的用法
1)as引导限制性定语从句通常用于thesame…as,such…as,as…as…,so…as…结构中。
as在定语从句中可作主语、宾语或表语。
如:
(1)Ihavethesamebookasyouhave.
(2)Ihaveneverheardsuchastoryashetells.
(3)Hereissobigastoneasnomancanlift.
注意:
(1)先行词被thesame修饰时,关系代词可用as也可用that,但意义不同,前者是“同样的”,后者是“同一的”。
试比较:
ThisisthesamebookasIlentyouyesterday.这是我昨天借给你的那种书。
ThisisthesamebookthatIlentyouyesterday.这是我昨天借给你的那本书。
(2)区别such…that…引导的结果状语从句。
试比较:
Theyaresuchlovelychildrenthatwelovethemmuch.(结果状语从句)
Theyaresuchlovelychildrenaswelovemuch.(定语从句)
2)as引导非限制性定语从句指代句意,as有“正如……,正像……,”的意思,既可放在主句之前,也可放在主句之后,用来修饰整个句子。
通常用于下列句型:
asoftenhappened正如经常发生的那样
asisoftenthecase这是常有的事;情况常是这样
asisexpected像所期待的那样
aseverybodycansee正如人人都明白的那样
ascanbeseen正如大家所知道的那样
asisknowntoall众所周知
asyouknow正如你(们)所知道的那样
例如:
(1)AsIexpected,hegotthefirstplaceagaininthismid-termexamination.
(2)Hewaslateforschool,asoftenhappened.
(二)关系副词的用法:
1.when指时间,在定语从句中做时间状语
(1)IstillrememberthedaywhenIfirstcametotheschool.
(2)Thetimewhenwegottogetherfinallycame.
2.where指地点,在定语从句中做地点状语
(1)ShanghaiisthecitywhereIwasborn.
(2)ThehousewhereIlivedtenyearsagohasbeenpulleddown.
3.why指原因,在定语从句中做原因状语,先行词为reason
(1)Pleasetellmethereasonwhyyoumissedtheplane.
(2)Idon'tknowthereasonwhyhelooksunhappytoday.
注意:
1)关系副词when,where,why引导的定语从句可以由“介词+关系代词”引导的从句替换(但不能全部逆推,注意介词的选用)。
(1)Thereasonwhy/forwhichherefusedtheinvitationisnotclear.
(2)Fromtheyearwhen/inwhichhewasgoingtoschoolhebegantoknowwhathewantedwhenhegrewup.
(3)Greatchangeshavetakenplaceinthecityinwhich/whereIwasborn.
2)若表时间,地点,原因的先行词在从句中做主语或宾语时,要用关系代词that或which
(1)Thisistheday(that/which)weneverforget.
(2)I’llneverforgetthedaysthat/whichmademeverysad.
(3)Theyworkinafactorythat/whichmakesradioparts.
(4)Thisisthehouse(that/which)wevisitedlastyear.
(5)Doyoubelievethereason(that)Tomgaveyou?
(6)I’msurethatsomeonewilltellmethereason(that)youhaven’ttoldme.
四、关系代词that/which,who/that,who/whom,as/which的区分
(一)that/which
1.限制性定语从句中只能用that不用which的几种情况
1)当先行词是anything,everything,nothing(something除外),few,all,none,little,some等代词时,或者是由every,any,all,some,no,little,few,much等修饰时
HaveyoutakendowneverythingthatMr.Lihassaid?
Allthatcanbedonehasbeendone.
2)当先行词为序数词或被序数词修饰时或被形容词最高级修饰时
Thefirstthatshouldbedoneistogetthebook.
ThefirstplacethattheyvisitedinLondonwastheBigBen.
ThisisthebestfilmthatIhaveseen.
4)当先行词被thevery,theonly,thelast,justthe修饰时
ThisistheverydictionarythatIwanttobuy.
Afterthefireinhishouse,theoldcaristheonlythingthatheowned.
5)当先行词前面有疑问代词which时
WhichistheT-shirtthatfitsmemost?
6)当先行词既有人,也有物时
Canyourememberthescientistandhistheorythatwehavelearned?
Theytalkedabouttheteachersandschoolsthattheyknew.
7)当先行词为what时
Whatdidhesaythatcouldmakeyousoangry?
8)当先行词为time(次),且前有序数词或last修饰时,只用that或省略
Thisisthelasttime(that)Ishallgiveyoualetter.
Thefirsttime(that)Isawhimwaslastyear.
9)在以Here+be或There+be开始的句子中Hereistheplacethatyou’vebeenlookingfor.
2.只用which不用that的情况
1)指物:
(1)介词提前时(见介词提前的定语从句)
(2)非限制性定语从句中(见非限制性定语从句)
2)先行词为“that”,特别是在谚语中
(1)Theclockisthatwhichtellsthetime.
(2)Thatwhichisevilissoonlearned.(坏事易学。
)
(二)who/that
1.只用who的情况
1)引导非限制性定语从句Hismother,whowastired,gavehimalesson.
2)当先行词为one,ones,any,anyone,all,this,that,these,those等或被all,this,that,these,those等修饰且指人时,多用who/whom如:
Allwhocameheremustwait.Anymanwhohasasenseofdutywon'tdosuchathing.
3)当先行词为I,he,you,they等且指人时,多用who/whom
I,whoamyourfriend,oftenseeyouplayingbasketball.
He,whodoesn’treachtheGreatWall,isnotatrueman.
Hewhoplayswithfiregetsburned.
4)一个句子中有两个定语从句,其中一个用了that,另一个为避免重复,须用who
Thestudentthatwaspraisedyesterdayisourmonitorwhoworksveryhard.
2.只用that的情况
1)前面出现先行词who或有疑问词who时,只用that不用who
Whothathassenseofhonourcandosuchabadthing?
Whoisthemanthatisstandingthere?
3)当先行词中同时含有人和物时,只用that不用who
Hetalkedofthemenandbooksthathadinterestedhim.
(三)who/whom
1.做主语只用who
2.做宾语可用whom,who
3.介词后必须用whom
Thisisthedoctorwhosavedtheboy’slife.
Thefellowwhom/whoIspoketomadenoansweratfirst.
Thisistheboywithwhomheworked.
(四)as/which
1.as和which都可以在非限制性定语从句中做主语或者宾语,位于句末。
指代前面句意。
Hemarriedher,as/whichwasnatural.
TaiwanbelongstoChina,as/whichweallknow.
2.
(1)as引导非限制性定语从句,可位于句首、句中、句末;which引导的非限制性定从只能位于句末。
Asisknowntoall,Chinaisadevelopingcountry.John,asyouknow,isafamouswriter.
注:
不能用which
(2)as有“正如……,正像……”的意思(见as引导的定语从句2),而which有“这一点”的意思。
Hewonthematch,aswehadexpected.Thepolicewerelookingforhim,ashethought.
注:
不能用which
五、定语从句的种类
(一)限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句主句和从句用逗号隔开的为非限制性定语从句。
Chinaisacountrywhichhasalonghistory.
China,whichwasfoundedin1949,isbecomingmoreandmorepowerful.
(二)介词+关系代词引导的定语从句
1.关系代词在定语从句中做介词宾语时,从句常由介词+关系代词(只用whom/which)引导
1)Theschool(that/which)heoncestudiedinisveryfamous.
2)Theschoolinwhichheoncestudiedisveryfamous.
3)We'llgotohearthefamoussinger(whom/that/who)wehaveoftentalkedabout.
4)We'llgotohearthefamoussingeraboutwhomwehaveoftentalked.
2.介词的位置
1)一般位于关系代词which/whom前,但也可放在原来的位置。
inwhichhelived.
Thisisthehouse
(that/which)helivedin.
2)一些固定短语不能拆开使用(拆开后会发生歧义),如:
lookfor,lookafter,
takecareof,carefor,seeto等
Thisisthewatch(which/that)Iamlookingfor.ThisisthewatchforwhichIamlooking.(×)
3.介词的选用
1)根据先行词与从句中动词、形容词与介词的习惯搭配选用。
(注意句意)
Thehouse,inwhichwelive,wasbuiltbymygrandfather.
TheWestLake,forwhichHangzhouisfamous,isabeautifulplace.
2)根据“介词+关系代词”在句中的含义和作用选用。
Hesawmecoming,afterwhichheofferedmethisseat.
TherearefiftystudentsinClassThree,ofwhomJohnisthemostdiligent.
4.表示部分的词语+of+关系代词
表示部分的词语常见的有:
不定代词all,both,none,neither,either,some,any;数词(包括基数词,序数词,分数和百分数);数词+名词;the+最高级;表示数目或数量的词语many,most,few,several,enough,half,anumber,aquarter。
如:
1)Helovedhisparentsdeeply,bothofwhomareverykindtohim.
2)Chinahashundredsofislands,thelargestofwhichisTaiwan.
3)Thereareseventystudentsinourclass,thirtyofwhomaregirls.
4)Ihavemorethan500books,manyofwhichareEnglishbooks.
(三)分隔定语从句
定语从句关系词有时不直接紧靠先行词,中间由一个定语,状语,或谓语隔开。
做好分隔定语从句的关键是要能辨认出该定语从句的先行词。
如:
1)ThereisanexpressioninhiseyesthatIcan’tunderstand.2)Helaughsbestwholaughslast.
(四)含插入语的定语从句
1)Hemadeanotherwonderfuldiscovery,whichIthinkisofgreatimportancetoscience.
2)HetoldmethatMr.Smithwasthemanwhohebelievedcouldbetrusted.
(五)一个特殊的定语从句句型
Isthisplacetheone(that)wevisitedyesterday?
Isthistheplace(that/which)wevisitedyesterday?
六、应注意的问题
1.关系词的省略
1)限制性定语从句中,作宾语的关系代词可以省略,但前面不能有介词,如:
Thisistheman(who/whom/that)wehavetalkedabout.
2)非限制性定语从句中,关系代词作宾语也不能省略,如:
Ayoungman,who/whomIdidn’tknow,askedmetogiveyouthemessage.
2.定语从句中的主谓一致
1)当关系代词在从句中做主语时,从句的谓语形式必须与先行词在人称和数上保持一致,如:
I,whoamyourfriend,hopetoseeyoueveryday.Thisistheplacewhichisworthvisiting.
AlltheboyswhoarenowswimmingintheriverarefromWuhan.
2)which和as指代句子意思时,从句谓语动词用单数,如:
Maryisoftenlateforclass,whichmakesourteacherveryunhappy.
3)当先行词为“oneof+复数名词”时从句的谓语动词形式用复数,但“one”前有“the(very)”,“the(only)”修饰时,从句的谓语动词形式要用单数,如:
Heisoneofthestudentswhowanttobeadoctorinthefuture.
Heisthe(only)oneofthestudentswhowantstobeadoctorinthefuture.
3.从句中成分多余
关系词在从句中充当了成分,其意思就是先行词的意思,所以在从句中不能重复其意,如:
1)TherearemanyplaceswecanvisittheminChina.2)ThebookIboughtitlastweekisveryinteresting.
4.关系词多余或残缺
1)Somepeople