专业英语资料.docx

专业英语资料.docx

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专业英语资料

ENGLISHFORLANDRESOURCEMANAGE

目录

Chapter1　TheNatureandPrinciplesofLandEvaluation3

1.2TheAimsofLandEvalution3

1.3LandEvaluationandLandUsePlanning3

1.4Principles3

1.5LevelsofIntensityandApproach3

1.5.1LevesofIntensity3

1.5.2Two-StageandParallelApproachtoLandEvaluation3

1.6TheNatureofTheFramework3

Chapter1TheNatureandPrinciplesofLandEvaluation4

1.1General4

1.2TheAimsofLandEvalution5

1.3LandEvaluationandLandUsePlanning6

1.4Principles7

1.5LevelsofIntensityandApproach9

1.5.1LevesofIntensity9

1.5.2Two-StageandParallelApproachtoLandEvaluation10

1.6TheNatureofTheFramework11

Chapter2BasicConcepts14

2.1General14

2.2Land14

2.3LandUse14

2.3.1MajorKingsofLandUseandLandLandUtilizationTypes15

2.3.2MultipleandCompoundLandUse16

2.4LandCharacteristics,LandQualitivesandDiagnosticCriteria17

2.4.1Examples20

2.4.2TheScarcityValueofLand21

2.5RequirementsandLimitations21

2.6LandImprovements22

2.7LandSuitabilityandLandCapability23

Chapter3LandSuitabilityClassifications25

3.1General25

3.2StructureofTheSuitabilityClassification25

3.2.1LandSuitabilityOrders25

3.2.2landsuitability26

3.2.3LandSuitabilitySubclasses28

3.2.4LandSuitabilityUnits29

3.2.5ConditionalSuitability29

3.2.6Summary30

3.3TheRangeofClassifications30

3.3.1QualitativeandQuanlitativeClassifications31

3.3.2ClassificationsofCurrentandPotentialSuitability31

3.4TheResultsofLandSuitabilityEvaluation32

Chapter4LandEvaluationProcedures36

4.1General36

4.2InitialConsultations37

4.2.1Objectives38

4.2.2 TheContextofTheStudyArea39

4.2.3DataandAssumptionsUnderlyingTheEvaluation40

4.2.4PlanningTheEvaluation42

4.3KingdsofLandUseandTheirRequirementsandLimitations44

4.3.1DescriptionofLandUse44

4.3.2IdentificationofRequirementofTheUseandLimitations45

4.4DescriptionofLandMappingUnitsandLandQualitives45

4.5 ComparisonofLandUsewithLand46

4.5.1MatchingofLandUsewithLand46

4.5.2DiagnosticProcedures48

4.5.3EstimationofBenefitsandInputs49

4.5.4AssenmentofEnvironmentalImpact51

4.6EconomicandSocialAanalysis52

4.7LandSuitabilityClassification54

4.7.1TheFieldCheck54

4.8SynopsisofProcedures54

4.9PresentationofResults55

NewWordsandExpressions57

Chapter1　TheNatureandPrinciplesofLandEvaluation

1.1General

1.2TheAimsofLandEvalution

1.3LandEvaluationandLandUsePlanning

1.4Principles

1.5LevelsofIntensityandApproach

1.5.1LevesofIntensity

1.5.2Two-StageandParallelApproachtoLandEvaluation

1.6TheNatureofTheFramework

Chapter1TheNatureandPrinciplesofLandEvaluation

1.1General

Decisionsonlandusehavealwaysbeenpartoftheevolutionofhumansociety.Inthepast,landusechangesoftencameaboutbygradualevolution,astheresultofmanyseparatedecisionstakenbyindividuals.Inthemorecrowdedandcomplexworldofthepresenttheyarefrequentlybroughtaboutbytheprocessoflanduseplanning.Suchplanningtakesplaceinallpartsoftheworld,includingbothdevelopinganddevelopedcountries.Itmaybeconcernedwithputtingenvironmentalresourcestonewkindsofproductiveuse.Theneedforlanduseplanningisfrequentlybroughtabout,however,bychangingneedsandpressures,involvingcompetingusesforthesameland.

Thefunctionoflanduseplanningistoguidedecisionsonlanduseinsuchawaythattheresourcesoftheenvironmentareputtothemostbeneficialuseforman,whistatthesametimeconservingthoseresourcesforthefuturethisplanningmustbebasedonanunderstandingbothofthenaturalenvironmentandofthekindsoflanduseenvisaged.Therehavebeenmanyexamplesofdamagetonaturalresourcesandofunsuccessfullanduseenterprisesthroughfailuretotakeaccountofthemutualrelationshipsbetweenlandandtheusestowhichitisput.Itisafunctionoflandevaluationtobringaboutsuchunderstandingandtopresentplannerswithcomparisonsofthemostpromisingkindsoflanduse.

Landevaluationisconcernedwiththeassessmentoflandperformancewhenusedforspecifiedpurpose.itinvolvestheexecutionandinterpretationofbasicsurveysofclimate,soilsvegetationandotheraspectsoflandintermsoftherequirementsofalternativeformsoflanduse.Tobeofvalueinplanning,therangeoflandusesconsideredhastobelimitedtothosewhicharerelevantwithinthephysical,economicandsocialcontextoftheareaconsidered,andthecomparisonsmustincorporateeconomicconsiderations.

1.2TheAimsofLandEvalution

Landevaluationmaybeconcernedwithpresentlandperformance.Frequently,howeveritinvolveschangeanditseffects;withchangeintheuseoflandandinsomecaseschangeinthelanditself.Evaluationtakesintoconsiderationtheeconomicsofproposedenterprisesthesocialconsequencesforthepeopleoftheareaandthecountryconcerned,andtheconsequences,beneficialoradverse,fortheenvironment.Thuslandevaluatonshouldanswerthefollowingquestions:

-howisthelandcurrentlymanaged,andwhatwilllhappenifpresentpracticesremainunchanged?

-whatimprovementsinmanagementpractices,withinthepresentuse,arepossible?

-whatotherusesoflandarephysicallypossibleandeconomicallyandsociallyrelevant?

-whichoftheseusesofferpossibilitiesofsustainedproductionorotherbenefits?

-whatadverseeffects,physical,economicorsocial,areassociatedwitheachuse?

-whatrecurrentinputsarenecessarytobringaboutthedesiredproductionandminimizetheadverseeffects?

-whatarethebenefitsofeachformofuse?

Iftheintroductionofanewinvolvessignificantchangeinthelanditself,asforexampleinirrigationschemes,thenthefollowingadditionalquestionsshouldbeanswered:

-whatchangesintheconditionofthelandarefeasibleandnecessary,andhowcantheybebroughtabout?

-whatnon-recurrentinputsarenecessarytoimplementthesechanges?

Theevaluationprocessdoesnotinitselfdeterminethelandusechangesthataretobecarriedout,butprovidesdateonthebasisofwhichsuchdecisionscanbetaken.Tobeeffectiveinthisrole,theoutputfromanevaluationnormallygivesinformationontwoormorepotentialformsofuseforeachareaofland,includingtheconsequences,beneficialandadverse,ofeach.

1.3LandEvaluationandLandUsePlanning

Landvaluationisonlypartoftheprocessesoflanduseplanning,itspreciserolevariesindifferentcircumstances.inthepresentcontextitissufficienttorepresentthelanduseplanningprocessbythefollowinggeneralizedsequenceofactivitiesanddecisions:

i.Recognitionofaneedforchange;

ii.Identificationofaims;

iii.Formulationofproposals,involvingalternativeformsoflanduse,andrecognitionoftheirmainrequirements;

iv.Recognitionanddelineationofthedifferenttypesoflandpresentinthearea;

v.Comparisonandevaluationofeachtypeoflandforthedifferentuses;

vi.Selectionofapreferreduseforeachtypeofland

vii.Projectdesign,orotherdetailedanalysisofaselectedsetofalternativesfor.Distinctpartsofthearea;this,incertaincases,maytaketheformofafeasibilitystudydecisiontoimplement;　

ix.Implementation;

x.Monitoringoftheoperation.

Landevaluationplaysamajorpartinstagesiii,ivandvoftheabovesequence,andcontributesinformationtothesubsequentactivities.Thuslandevaluationisprecededbytherecognitionoftheneedforsomechangeintheusetowhichlandisput;Thismaybethedevelopmentofnewproductiveuses,suchasagriculturaldevelopmentschemesonforestryplantations,ortheprovisionofservices,suchasthedesignationofanationalparkorrecreationalarea.Recognitionofthisneedisfollowedbyidentificationoftheaimsoftheproposedchangeandformulationofgeneralandspecificproposals.Theevaluationprocessitselfincludesdescriptionofarangeofpromisingkindsofuse,andtheassessmentandcomparisonofthesewithrespecttoeachtypeoflandidentifiedinthearea.Thisleadstorecommendationsinvolvingoneorasmallnumberofpreferredkindsofuse.Theserecommendationscanthenbeusedinmakingdecisionsonthepreferredkindsoflanduseforeachdistinctpartofthearea.Laterstageswillusuallyinvolvefurtherdetailedanalysisofthepreferreduses,followed,ifthedecisiontogoaheadismade,bytheimplementationofthedevelopmentprojectorotherformofchange,andmonitoringoftheresultingsystems.

1.4Principles（重点）

Certainprinciplesarefundamentaltotheapproachandmethodsemployedinlandevaluation.thesebasicprinciplesareasfollows:

i.Landsuitabilityisassessedandclassifiedwithrespecttospecifiedkindsofuse

Thisprincipleembodiesrecognitionofthefactthatdifferentkindsoflandusehavedifferentrequirements.Asanexample,analluvialfloodplainwithimpededdrainagemightbehighlysuitableforricecultivationbutnotsuitableformanyformsofagricultureorforforestry.

Theconceptoflandsuitabilityisonlymeaningfulintermsofspecifickindsoflanduse,eachwiththeirownrequirements,e.g.soilmoisture,rootingdepthetc.thequalitiesofeachtypeofland,suchasmoisture,availabilityorliabilitytoflooding,arecomparedwiththerequirementsofeachuse.Thusthelanditselfandthelanduseareequallyfundamentaltolandsuitabilityevaluation.

ii.Evaluationrequiresacomparisonofthebenefitsobtainedandtheinputsneededondifferenttypesofland

Landinitself,withoutinputs,rarelyifeverpossessesproductivepotential;eventh