Steve Jobs Death.docx
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SteveJobsDeath
Apple’sVisionaryRedefinedDigitalAge
StevenP.Jobs,thevisionaryco-founderofApplewhohelpedusherintheeraofpersonalcomputersandthenledaculturaltransformationinthewaymusic,moviesandmobilecommunicationswereexperiencedinthedigitalage,diedWednesday.Hewas56.
ThedeathwasannouncedbyApple,thecompanyMr.JobsandhishighschoolfriendStephenWozniakstartedin1976inasuburbanCaliforniagarage.
AfriendofthefamilysaidthatMr.Jobsdiedofcomplicationsfrompancreaticcancer,withwhichhewagedalongandpublicstruggle,remainingthefaceofthecompanyevenasheunderwenttreatment.Hecontinuedtointroducenewproductsforaglobalmarketinhistrademarkbluejeansevenashegrewgauntandfrail.
Heunderwentsurgeryin2004,receivedalivertransplantin2009andtookthreemedicalleavesofabsenceasApple’schiefexecutivebeforesteppingdowninAugustandturningoverthehelmtoTimothyD.Cook,thechiefoperatingofficer.Whenheleft,hewasstillengagedinthecompany’saffairs,negotiatingwithanotherSiliconValleyexecutiveonlyweeksearlier.
“IhavealwayssaidthatifthereevercameadaywhenIcouldnolongermeetmydutiesandexpectationsasApple’sC.E.O.,Iwouldbethefirsttoletyouknow,”Mr.Jobssaidinaletterreleasedbythecompany.“Unfortunately,thatdayhascome.”
Bythen,havingmastereddigitaltechnologyandcapitalizedonhisintuitivemarketingsense,Mr.JobshadlargelycometodefinethepersonalcomputerindustryandanarrayofdigitalconsumerandentertainmentbusinessescenteredontheInternet.Hehadalsobecomeaveryrichman,worthanestimated$8.3billion.
TributestoMr.JobsflowedquicklyonWednesdayevening,informalstatementsandintheflowofsocialnetworks,withPresidentObama,technologyindustryleadersandlegionsofApplefansweighingin.
ATwitterusernamedMattGalliganwrote:
“R.I.P.SteveJobs.Youtouchedanuglyworldoftechnologyandmadeitbeautiful.”
EightyearsafterfoundingApple,Mr.JobsledtheteamthatdesignedtheMacintoshcomputer,abreakthroughinmakingpersonalcomputerseasiertouse.Aftera12-yearseparationfromthecompany,promptedbyabitterfalling-outwithhischiefexecutive,JohnSculley,hereturnedin1997tooverseethecreationofoneinnovativedigitaldeviceafteranother—theiPod,theiPhoneandtheiPad.Thesetransformednotonlyproductcategorieslikemusicplayersandcellphonesbutalsoentireindustries,likemusicandmobilecommunications.
DuringhisyearsoutsideApple,heboughtatinycomputergraphicsspinofffromthedirectorGeorgeLucasandbuiltateamofcomputerscientists,artistsandanimatorsthatbecamePixarAnimationStudios.
Startingwith“ToyStory”in1995,Pixarproducedastringofhitmovies,wonseveralAcademyAwardsforartisticandtechnologicalexcellence,andmadethefull-lengthcomputer-animatedfilmamainstreamartformenjoyedbychildrenandadultsworldwide.
Mr.Jobswasneitherahardwareengineernorasoftwareprogrammer,nordidhethinkofhimselfasamanager.Heconsideredhimselfatechnologyleader,choosingthebestpeoplepossible,encouragingandproddingthem,andmakingthefinalcallonproductdesign.
Itwasanexecutivestylethathadevolved.InhisearlyyearsatApple,hismeddlingintinydetailsmaddenedcolleagues,andhiscriticismcouldbecausticandevenhumiliating.Buthegrewtoelicitextraordinaryloyalty.
“Hewasthemostpassionateleaderonecouldhopefor,amotivatingforcewithoutparallel,”wroteStevenLevy,authorofthe1994book“InsanelyGreat,”whichchroniclesthecreationoftheMac.“TomSawyercouldhavepickeduptricksfromSteveJobs.”
“ToyStory,”forexample,tookfouryearstomakewhilePixarstruggled,yetMr.Jobsneverletuponhiscolleagues.“‘Youneedalotmorethanvision—youneedastubbornness,tenacity,beliefandpatiencetostaythecourse,”saidEdwinCatmull,acomputerscientistandaco-founderofPixar.“InSteve’scase,hepushesrighttotheedge,totrytomakethenextbigstepforward.”
Mr.JobswastheultimatearbiterofAppleproducts,andhisstandardswereexacting.OverthecourseofayearhetossedouttwoiPhoneprototypes,forexample,beforeapprovingthethird,andbeganshippingitinJune2007.
Tohisunderstandingoftechnologyhebroughtanimmersioninpopularculture.Inhis20s,hedatedJoanBaez;EllaFitzgeraldsangathis30thbirthdayparty.Hisworldviewwasshapedbythe’60scountercultureintheSanFranciscoBayArea,wherehehadgrownup,theadoptedsonofaSiliconValleymachinist.WhenhegraduatedfromhighschoolinCupertinoin1972,hesaid,”theverystrongscentofthe1960swasstillthere.”
AfterdroppingoutofReedCollege,astrongholdofliberalthoughtinPortland,Ore.,in1972,Mr.Jobsledacounterculturallifestylehimself.HetoldareporterthattakingLSDwasoneofthetwoorthreemostimportantthingshehaddoneinhislife.Hesaidtherewerethingsabouthimthatpeoplewhohadnottriedpsychedelics—evenpeoplewhoknewhimwell,includinghiswife—couldneverunderstand.
Decadeslaterheflewaroundtheworldinhisowncorporatejet,buthemaintainedemotionaltiestotheperiodinwhichhegrewup.Heoftenfeltlikeanoutsiderinthecorporateworld,hesaid.WhendiscussingtheSiliconValley’slastingcontributionstohumanity,hementionedinthesamebreaththeinventionofthemicrochipand“TheWholeEarthCatalog,”a1960scounterculturepublication.
Apple’sverynamereflectedhisunconventionality.Inanerawhenengineersandhobbyiststendedtodescribetheirmachineswithmodelnumbers,hechosethenameofafruit,supposedlybecauseofhisdietaryhabitsatthetime.
Comingonthescenejustascomputingbegantomovebeyondthewallsofresearchlaboratoriesandcorporationsinthe1970s,Mr.Jobssawthatcomputingwasbecomingpersonal—thatitcoulddomorethancrunchnumbersandsolvescientificandbusinessproblems—andthatitcouldevenbeaforceforsocialandeconomicchange.Andatatimewhenhobbyistcomputerswereboxywoodenaffairswithmetalchassis,hedesignedtheAppleIIasasleek,low-slungplasticpackageintendedforthedenorthekitchen.Hewasofferingnotjustproductsbutadigitallifestyle.
Heputmuchstockinthenotionof“taste,”awordheusedfrequently.Itwasasensibilitythatshoneinproductsthatlookedlikeworksofartanddelightedusers.Greatproducts,hesaid,wereatriumphoftaste,of“tryingtoexposeyourselftothebestthingshumanshavedoneandthentryingtobringthosethingsintowhatyouaredoing.”
RegisMcKenna,alongtimeSiliconValleymarketingexecutivetowhomMr.Jobsturnedinthelate1970stohelpshapetheApplebrand,saidMr.Jobs’sgeniuslayinhisabilitytosimplifycomplex,highlyengineeredproducts,“tostripawaytheexcesslayersofbusiness,designandinnovationuntilonlythesimple,elegantrealityremained.”
Mr.Jobs’sownresearchandintuition,notfocusgroups,werehisguide.WhenaskedwhatmarketresearchwentintotheiPad,Mr.Jobsreplied:
“None.It’snottheconsumers’jobtoknowwhattheywant.”
EarlyInterests
StevenPaulJobswasborninSanFranciscoonFeb.24,1955,andsurrenderedforadoptionbyhisbiologicalparents,JoanneCaroleSchiebleandAbdulfattahJandali,agraduatestudentfromSyriawhobecameapoliticalscienceprofessor.HewasadoptedbyPaulandClaraJobs.
TheelderMr.Jobs,whoworkedinfinanceandrealestatebeforereturningtohisoriginaltradeasamachinist,movedhisfamilydowntheSanFranciscoPeninsulatoMountainViewandthentoLosAltosinthe1960s.
Mr.Jobsdevelopedanearlyinterestinelectronics.Hewasmentoredbyaneighbor,anelectronicshobbyist,whobuiltHeathkitdo-it-yourselfelectronicsprojects.Hewasbrashfromanearlyage.Asaneighthgrader,afterdiscoveringthatacrucialpartwasmissingfromafrequencycounterhewasassembling,hetelephonedWilliamHewlett,theco-founderofHewlett-Packard.Mr.Hewlettspokewiththeboyfor20minutes,preparedabagofpartsforhimtopickupandofferedhimajobasasummerintern.
Mr.JobsmetMr.WozniakwhileattendingHomesteadHighSchoolinneighboringCupertino.Thetwotookanintroductoryelectronicsclassthere.
ThesparkthatignitedtheirpartnershipwasprovidedbyMr.Wozniak’smother.Mr.WozniakhadgraduatedfromhighschoolandenrolledattheUniversityofCalifornia,Berkeley,whenshesenthimanarticlefromtheOctober1971issueofEsquiremagazine.Thearticle,“SecretsoftheLittleBlueBox,”byRonRosenbaum,detailedanundergroundhobbyistcultureofyoungmenknownasphonephreakswhowereillicitlyexploringthenation’sphonesystem.
Mr.WozniaksharedthearticlewithMr.Jobs,andthetwosetouttotrackdownanelusivefigureidentifiedinthearticleasCaptainCrunch.ThemanhadtakenthenamefromhisdiscoverythatawhistlethatcameinboxesofCap’nCrunchcerealwastunedtoafrequencythatmadeitpossibletomakefreelong-distancecallssimplybyblowingthewhistlenexttoaphonehandset.
CaptainCrunchwasJohnDraper,aformerAirForceelectronictechnician,andfindinghimtookseveralweeks.Learningthatthetwoyounghobbyistsweresearchingforhim,Mr.DraperhadarrangedtocometoMr.Wozniak’sBerkeleydormitoryroom.Mr.Jobs,whowasstillinhighschool,hadtraveledtoBerkeleyforthemeeting.WhenMr.Draperarrived,heenteredtheroomsayingsimply,“ItisI!
”
BasedoninformationtheygleanedfromMr.Draper,Mr.WozniakandMr.Jobslatercollaboratedonbuildingandsellingblueboxes,devicesthatwerewidelyusedformakingfree—andillegal—