英国文学史期末复习指南.docx

英国文学史期末复习指南.docx

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英国文学史期末复习指南

RomanticisminEngland

1.TheHistoricalBackground

2.Theliterarytrends

*****3、Romanticism

Amovementthatflourishedinliterature,philosophy,musicandartinwesterncultureduringmostofthenineteenthcentury,beginningasarevoltagainstclassicism.TherehavebeenmanyvarietiesofRomanticisminmanydifferenttimesandplaces.ManyoftheideasofEnglishRomanticismwerefirstexpressedbythepoets,WilliamWordsworthandSamuelTaylorColeridge.

2.2RomanticMovement

TheRomanticMovementexpressedamoreorlessnegativeattitudetowardtheexistingsocialandpoliticalconditionsthatcamewithindustrializationandthegrowingimportanceofthebourgeoisie.TheRomantics,whoweredeeplyimmersedinthemostviolentphaseofthetransitionfromdecadentfeudalsocietiestothefundamentalinhumanityoftheeconomic,capitalisteconomy,sawboththecorruptionandinjusticeofthesocialandpoliticalforcesofcapitalism.Theyfeltthatthesocietystrongreactionagainstthedominantmodesofthinkingofthe18th–centurywritersandphilosophers.Theysawmanessentiallyasanindividualinthesolitarystate.Theyemphasizedthespecialofeachindividual’smind.Thus,Romanticismactuallyconstitutesachangeofdirectionfromattentiontotheouterworldofsocialcivilizationtotheinnerworldofthespirit,Inessenceitdesignatesaliteraryandphilosophicaltheorywhichtendstoseetheindividualastheverycenterofalllifeandallexperience.

2.6LakePoets

Wordsworth,ColeridgeandSoutheyhaveoftenbeenmentionedastheLakeSchoolor“Lakers”becausetheylivedinthelakedistrictinthenorthwesternpartofEngland.Thethreetraversedthesamepathinpoliticsandinpoetry,beginningasradicalsandclosingasconservatives.

WilliamWordsworth（1770-1850）

WilliamWordsworth,（1770-1850）therepresentativepoetoftheearlyromanticism,wasborninalawyer’sfamilyatCockermouth,Cumber.Heisconsideredtheleaderof“LakePoets”andgraduatedfromCambridgeUniversity.In1843hesucceededSoutheyasPoetLaureate.

3.2Appreciation：

IWanderedLonelyasaCloud/TheDaffodils

1.Whytherearetwodifferenttensesinthepoem?

2.WhatkindsoflanguagedevicesdoesWordsworthuseinhispoems?

Howdotheyservethewriter’spurpose?

3.Whatisthethemeofthepoem?

4.Whatkindoflanguagedoesheuse,colloquialandsimplewordsorbiganddecentwords?

Thepoetputshimselfinthepositionofasingleclouddriftingovertheneverendinghillsofrollingdaffodils.Healsoputshimselfinthepositionofsolitude.

Thelaststanzaofthepoemrevealsthatheislyingonacouchandvisualizingthedaffodils,whichbringshimserenityandjoy.Inthefirststanzathereisacomparisonbetweenthepoetandcloudwhichsuggestslazinessandfreedom.

Inthepoem,Wordsworthcommentsonthepleasureobtainedfromsolitarycontemplation.Hisuseoftheword“lonely”ispositive.

Heusesterms“crowd”and“host”torefertodaffodilsasifheistalkingabouthumanbeings.Thedaffodilsarelocatedinthecountrysidenearalakeandtreesandarealsoseentomovecontinuallyinadance.Thepoetsgetspleasurefromrememberingthesceneofdaffodilshesaw.

Inthefirstthreestanzasthetenseispastandinthelaststanzaisthepresent.Thepasttenseshowstheremembranceofthepast;thepresenttenseindicatesapermanentconditioninthepresent.

W.WordsworthinhispoemIwanderedLonelyasaCloudispossiblymakinganattempttoshowthereadertheessenceoflifeinnature,andwhatkindofaroleamemoryfromchildhoodcanplayonusasadults.InhispoemWilliamWordsworthisusingdaffodilsasametaphorforliving,perhapseveneternallife,orlifeafterdeath.

Continuousasthestarsthatshineandtwinkleonthemilkyway,theystretchedaneverendingline?

Asourlifestretchingforaslongaswecanseeit,thedaffodilsmightbeamererepresentationofthemillionsoflivesthattakeplacearoundus,butwhichweseldomhavetimetoappreciate.

Thethemeofthispoemisharmonybetweenhumanityandnature.

Writersusessimile,metaphor,personification,imagesinhispoem.

Thereisvividpictureofthedaffodilshere,mixedwiththepoet’sphilosophicalandsomewhatmysticalthoughts.ItisperhapsthemostanthologizedpoeminEnglishliterature,andonethattakesustothecoreofWordsworth’spoeticbeliefs.

3.3TheSolitaryReaper

Itisaniambicverse.Mostofthelinesinthepoemareoctosyllabics.Therhyme-schemeforeachstanzaisababccdd.

TheSolitaryReaperuseruralfigurestosuggestthetimelessmysteryofsorrowfulhumanityanditsradiantbeauty.

Itdescribesanamelesslistener'sdelightinayoungwoman'smelancholysonginanunknownlanguageas,workingbyherselfinaScottishvalley,sheswingsasickle,reapinggrain.

Foureight-linestanzas,eachclosingwithtwocouplets.Shortlinesdelivertherhymesataquickpace.Sentencesnormallyneedtwoormoresuchshortlinestocomplete,sothatfewlinesarestronglyend-stopped．Dictionisconversational.Oftenlinesconsistmainlyofmonosyllabicwords.Wordsworthpreferscommonverbs,"behold,""reap,""sing,""stop,""pass,""cut,""bind,""chant,""hear,"and"break."WordsimportedintoEnglishfromLatinorGreek,like"solitary"and"melancholy"orformswith"-ive"and"-ion"endings（e.g.,"plaintive"and"motionless"）,areinfrequent.Wordsworthwritesplain,almostundemandingverse.Forexample,herepeatsthesimplestideainvaryingwords.Thegirlis"single,""solitary,"and"byherself"（1-3）.Sheis"reaping"（3）,thatis,"cutsandbindsthegrain"（5）,"o'erthesicklebending"（28）.Theonlookerisboth"motionlessandstill"（29）.Thelass"sings"（3,17,25,27）ordoes"chant"（9）a"strain"（6）,a"lay"（21）,or"asong"（26）.Thespeakerreliesoneverydayidioms,worntovaguenessbyoveruseinordinarytalk.Her"theme"（25）isof"things"（19）or"matter"（22）"Thathasbeen,andmaybeagain"（24）.Thisexcludesonlywhatneverexistedatall.Wheneverthespeakermightbecomeelevatedinspeech,hislanguageseemsprosaic（散文的，平凡的）,evenchatty:

“Willnoonetellme...”（17）,“Whate‘rethetheme”（25）,and“Longafteritwasheardnomore”（32）.Wordsworthnotes,pointedly,thatthislastlinecomesverbatim（逐字地）fromaprosetravelbook.TheSolitaryReaper"doesnotimplement,programmatically,hisdogmaofplaindiction.Forexample,"Valeprofound"（7）,"plaintivenumbers"（18）,and"humblelay"（21）aresemi-formulaic,刻板的catchphrases

Theseexceptionsmaybedeliberate,characterizingthespeaker（notWordsworth）assomeoneforwhompoetrymeansmuch.Heresortstoformulasasiftohintthatthegirl'ssongisout-of-placeinthevalley,howeverseparatedfromthetraditionsoffineversebyherclass,occupation,andlocation.

Wordsworthmaydeliberatelyimpoverish（使贫穷）hisspeaker'slanguagesoastocontrastitwiththereaper'ssong.TheSolitaryReaper’s“song”,likeafoundpoem,springsdirectlyfromnature,withoutliterarycontext.Her"music"runslikewater（"overflowing"thevalley）andsurpassesthebeautyoftwocelebratedEnglishsong-birds,thenightingaleandthecuckoo.TheSolitaryReaperrelatesanecstaticmomentinwhichapasser-bytranscendsthelimitationsofmortality.Boththesongandhegoontogether.

5.AssessmentofWordsworth

Asoneof"LakePoets".WordsworthhassecuredthereputationofbeingoneofthegreatRomanticpoets.Althoughoftenviewedasa'naturepoet'（andapoetofnature）hispoetryisnotsimplyconcernedwithscenicanddescriptiveevocationsofnature,butratherwiththeissuesofMan,HumanNatureandMan'srelationshipwiththenatural（andsupernatural）world.Wordsworthwasathisbestindescriptionsofmountainsandrivers,flowersandbirds,childrenandpeasants,andreminiscencesofhisownchildhoodandyouth.Asagreatpoetofnature,hewasthefirsttofindwordsforthemostelementarysensationsofmanfacetofacewithnaturalphenomena.Thesesensationsareuniversalandoldbut,onceexpressedinhispoetry,becomecharminglybeautifulandnew.Wordsworth'spersonalityandpoetryweredeeplyinfluencedbyhisloveofnature,especiallybythesightsandscenesoftheLakeCountry,inwhichhespentmostofhismaturelife.Aprofoundlyearnestandsincerethinker,hedisplayedahighseriousnesscomparable,attimes,toMilton'sbuttemperedwithtendernessandaloveofsimplicity.

Hisuseofthelanguageofordinaryspeechwasheavilycriticized,butithelpedtoridEnglishpoetryofthemoreartificialconventionsof18th-centurydiction.Hiswell-knownpoemsare“Lucy”,TheSolitaryReaper,Daffodils,andTheRainbowetc.

WordsworthhasagainbeenrecognizedasagreatEnglishpoet—aprofound,originalthinkerwhocreatedanewpoetictradition.

ThespiritoftheFrenchRevolutionhadstronglyinfluencedWordsworth,andhereturned（1792）toEnglandimbuedwiththeprinciplesofRousseauandrepublicanism.

WordsworthistherepresentativeofthepassiveRomanticpoets,whoexpressedthedeepestaspirationsofEnglishRomanticism.Hispoetryisdistinguishedbythesimplicityandpurityofhislanguage.Histheoryandpracticeinpoeticalcreationstartedfromadissatisfactionwiththesocialrealityundercapitalism,andhintedatthethoughtof“backtonature”and“backtopatriarchalsystemoftheoldtime”."...poetryisthespontaneousoverflowofpowerfulfeelings:

ittakesitsoriginfromemotionrecollectedintranquility..."（"Preface"）

所有的好诗都是炽烈情感的自然涌流，而这种情感又是经过在宁静中追忆的

GeorgeGordon,LordByron（1788-1824）

3.2AppreciationofSheWalksinBeauty

Darknessandlightareenjambment（跨行连读）forces,howdoesthepoetjointheoppositeswithinthewoman?

Accordingthesecondstanza,