高三英语考分辨和提纲挈领的能力 新课标 人教版.docx
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高三英语考分辨和提纲挈领的能力新课标人教版
高三英语考分辨和提纲挈领的能力
一题型特点:
这种题型要求考生能够把握文章的全文主题和理解中心思想的能力,也包括分析归纳文章的段落大意、重要情节、人物特征、环境特点的能力。
这种试题要求能把握文章的总体,并真正理解主题和中心;要求能较好地运用概括、判断、归纳、推理等逻辑思维方法解题,难度较大,属于高层次题。
二题干表现形式
1常见的标题型题干:
1)Thebesttitle/headlineforthispassagemightbe_____________.
2)Thetext(passage)couldbeentitled______________.
3)Whatisthebesttitleforthepassage?
4)Whichofthefollowingwouldbesuitableasatitleforthepassage?
2常见的主题型题干:
5)Thispassagechieflydealswith____________.6)What’sthetopicofthearticle?
7)Whatisthesubjectdiscussedinthetext?
8)Withwhattopicisthepassagechieflyconcerned?
3目的类主旨大意题
Theauthor’smainpurposeinwritingthepassageis______.
Thepassageismeantto_____Thepurposeofthisarticleis_______
三应试技巧
一)主题句的特点
·主题句所表达的意思具有概括性
·句子结构简单明了,作者一般会采用长句或结构复杂的句子作为文章的主题句
·文章或段落的其大句子都是对主题句的进一步解释,说明,论证或扩展。
二)如何寻找主题句
1)文首 开门见山,提出主题,随之用细节来解释,支撑或发展主题句所表达的主题思想.最常见的演绎法写作方式.
Passage1
Thepandaisapopularanimal.StoriesaboutthepandaintheWashingtonZooarealwaysfrontpagenewsandimportantfeaturesontelevisionnewscasts.Stuffedpandasareamongthemostpopulartoysforchildren,andpandapostcardsarealwaysindemandinzoogiftshops.
Passage2
Todaytheproblemofenvironmenthasbecomemoreandmoreserious.Theworldpopulationisrising,soquicklythattheworldhasbecometoocrowded.Weareusingupournaturalresourcestooquicklyandatthesametimewearepollutingourenvironmentwithdangerouschemicals.Ifwecontinuetodothis,humanlifeonearthwillnotsurvive.
Manhasmadegreatprogressinenvironmentprotection.Governmentsofmanycountrieshaveestablishedlawstoprotecttheforestsandsearesourcesandwastewaterandpoisonousgaseshavebeenalsodealtwith.
Stillmoremeasuresshouldbetakentosolvetheproblems.Peopleshouldbefurthereducatedtorealizetheimportanceoftheproblem,tousemodernmethodsofbirthcontrolandlearntorecycleournaturalresources.Wearesurethatweshallhaveabetterandcleanedplanetinthefuture.
2).首尾呼应
为突出主题,作者先提出主题,结尾时再次点出主题,这种首尾呼应的写作方式较为多见.但前后表述主题的句子不是简单的重复,后面的表述往往有进一步的引申或发展的意味。
Passage3(首段)ShuPulonghashelpedatleast1000peoplebittenbysnakes,“Itwasseeingpeoplewithsnakesbitesthatledmetothecareer.“shesaid…
(尾段)“ThesadstorytouchedmesomuchthatIdecidedtodevotemyselftohelpingpeoplebittenbysnakes.Shusaid.
3).文尾
在表述细节后,归纳要点,印象,结论建议或结果,以概括主题.这是英语中最常见的归纳法写作方式
passage4
Ahumanbodyappearstoberathersoftanddelicate,comparedwiththatofawildanimal,butitisactuallysurprisinglystrong.Indeed,itsverysoftnessandloosenessisanadvantage;itmakesmangoodatmovingaboutmovementofalllivingthingsofhisownsize,becausehecandosomanydifferentthingswithhislimbs.Man’sgamesshowhowhecancontrolhisownbody.Nootherlandcreaturecanswimasskillfullyasman;morehassuchvariedgrace;veryfewlivesaslongashe;noneissostronginitsnaturalresistancetodisease.Thereforemanhasagreatadvantageinhisbattleagainsttherisksofdamageanddeaththatthreatenhim.
4).文中
通常前面只提出问题,文中的主题由随之陈述的细节或合乎逻辑的引申在文中导出,而后又作进一步的解释,支撑或发展.
Passage5
Nothingisasusefulasaflashlightinadarknightifatiregoesflat.Fewinventionsaresohelpfultoachildwhoisafraidofthedark.Infact,themodernflashlightbringslighttomanydarksituations.Findingsomethinginthebackofaclosetiseasywithaflashlightinhandacamperalsoneedsoneafterthelightofthecampfirehasbeenout.
5).无主题句
即主题句隐含在全文中,没有明确的主题句.必须根据文篇中所提供的事实细节,进行全面考虑,综合分析,然后找出共同的东西,归纳成一般概念。
必须注意的是,既不能以偏概全,也不能在概括时过于宽泛,要恰如其分。
Passage6
JoshuaBinghamstudied4yearsattheUniversityofParisanddecidedtoleavehisgraduation.HetransferredtotheUniversityofBerlinandgraduatedwithhonors.HarvardLawSchooland,later,BostonCollegeprovidedhimwithanexcellentlegalbackground.HeispresentlyacorporationlawyerinMiami,Florida.
Q:
Whatisthemainideaofthepassage?
____
A.HowJoshuaBinghambecamealawyer.B.Binghamisadiligentstudent.
C.JoshuaBinghamreceivedanexcellenteducation.D.Agoodlawyerneedsgoodeducation.
【解题思路】此文没有主题句。
全篇共四句,只陈述了四个细节(detail)性的事实。
因此就答案本身看,个个都对。
读者只能将所有的details综合起来,进行逻辑推理,才能构成一个没有言明的主题思想(unstatedmainidea)。
由于文中主要涉及了JoshuaBingham接受教育的情况,即作者想告诉我们的是:
JoshuaBingham接受过良好的教育,所以答案是C
6)注意标志词
文章或段落的主题句常常会出现在一些标志性的提示后。
如:
onthewhole,asaresult,inshort,therefore,thus…..
Iagreewiththeopinionthat….;Givenallthesepointsabove,Iwouldsupporttheideathat….;Forallthereasonsmentionedabove,Iwouldprefer….
四选项的特点
正确选项的特点:
·那些概括全文,内容全面,含义深刻,说明道理的选项一般是答案项。
·四个选项中,内容相近或完全相反的两个选项中往往有一个是正确选项。
错误选项的特点
·以偏概全.只是局部信息,或是一句没有展开论述的评论.
n·过于笼统.即归纳的主题太泛,与细节脱节或是没有对细节加以充分论述.
n·把自己的观点强加于作者.读者往往根据自己的常识对文章进行判断而忽视了作者的见解.
n·无关联的信息,既在文章中没有提到或找不到语言依据的信息
1【全国IA】
Petownersarebeingencouragedtotaketheiranimalstowork,amovescientistssaycanbegoodforproductivity,workplacemorale(士气),andthewell-beingofanimals.
Astudyfoundthat25%ofAustralianwomenwouldliketokeepanofficepet.SueChaselingofPetcareInformationServicesaidthepracticeofkeepingofficepetswasgoodbothforthepeopleandthepets.“Onthepets’side,theyarenotleftontheirownandwon’tfeellonelyandunhappy,”shesaid.AstudyofmajorUScompaniesshowedthat73%foundofficepetsbeneficial(有益的),while27%experiencedadropinabsenteeism(缺勤).
XarniRiggshastwocatswalkingaroundherGlobalHairSaloninPaddington.“Mycustomerslovethem.Theyaretheirfavorites,”shesaid.“Theyarenottroublesome.Theyknowwhentogoandhaveasleepinthesun.”
LittleblackBJhasspentnearlyallhistwoyears“working”atPunchGalleryinBalmain.OwnerIainPowellsaidhehadhadcatsatthegalleryfor15years.“BJoftenliesintheshopwindowandpeoplewalkingpasttapontheglass,”hesaid.
MsChaselingsaidcatswerepopularinserviceindustriesbecausetheyenabledapointofconversation.Butshesaidownershadtomakesureboththeirco-workersandthecatswerecomfortable.
56.ThepercentageofAmericancompaniesthatareinfavorofkeepingofficepetsisA.73%B.27%C.25%D.15%
57.Weknowfromthetextthat“BJ”
A.worksintheGlobalHairSalonB.oftengreetsthepassers-by
C.likestosleepinthesunD.isatwo-year-oldcat
58.Thebesttitleforthistextwouldbe.
A.PetsHelpAttractCustomersB.YourFavoriteOfficePets
C.PetsJointheWorkforceD.BusyLifeforPets
2【北京B】
Goodtooldesignisimportantinthepreventionofoveruseinjuries.Well-designedtoolsandequipmentwillrequirelessforcetooperatethemandpreventawkward(别扭的)handpositions.Theywillallowtheworkertokeeptheelbows(肘)nexttothebodytopreventdamagetotheshoulderandarm.
Overuseinjuriescanthereforebepreventedorreducediftheemployerprovides,andworkersuse:
●powertoolsratherthanhavingtousemuscle(肌肉)power
●toolswithspeciallydesignedhandlesthatallowthewrist(手腕)tokeepstraight(Seefigure1).Thismeansthathandsandwristsarekeptinthesamepositionastheywouldbeiftheywerehangingrelaxedataperson’sside
Figure1.Bendthetool,notthewrist
●toolswithhandlesthatcanbeheldcomfortablybythewholehand.Thismeanshavingaselectionofsizes—rememberthattoolsthatprovideacomfortablefirmHoldforapersonwithaverylargehandmaybeawkwardforsomeonewithaverysmallhand.Thisisaparticularlyimportantconsiderationforwomenwhomayusetoolsoriginallydesignedformen.
●toolsthatdonotpressfingers(orflesh)betweenthehandles,andwhosehandlesdonothavesharpedgesorasmallsurfacearea.
60.Whatisthebesttitleforthepassage?
A.GoodtoolDesignforWomenB.ImportanceofGoodToolDesign
C.ToolDesignandPreventionofInjuriesD.OveruseofToolsandWorkerProtection
61.Whichofthefollowingdescribesawell-designedtool?
A.It’skeptclosetothebody.B.Itfullyusesmusclepower.
C.Itmakesusersfeelrelaxed.D.It’soperatedwithlessforce.
62.WhatisFigure1usedtoshow?
A.Theeffectiveuseofthetool.B.Thewayofoperatingthetool.
C.Theproperdesignofthehandle.D.Thepurposeofbendingthewrist.
63.Inchoosingtoolsforwomen,_____ofthehandleisthemostimportant.
A.thesizeB.theedgeC.theshapeD.theposition
3【安徽C】
Handshaking,thoughaEuropeanpracticeisoftenseeninbigcitiesofChina.NobodyknowsexactlywhenthepracticestartedinEurope.ItissaidthatlonglongagoinEuropewhenpeoplemet,theyshowedtheirunarmed(无武器的)handstoeachotherasasignofgoodwill.Astimewentonandtradeincitiesgrewrapidly,peopleincitiesbegantoclapeachother’shandstomakeadealortoreachanagreement.Thispracticewaslaterchangedintoshakinghandsamongfriendsonmeetingorleavingeachother.“Let’sshake(hands)onit”sometimesmeansagreementreached.
DotheEuropeansshakehandswherevertheygoandwithwhomevertheymeet?
No.SometimestheChineseabroadreachouttheirhandstoooftentobepolite.Itisreallyveryimpolitetogiveyourhandwhentheotherparty,especiallywhenitisawoman,showslittleinterestinshakinghandswithyouandwhenthemeetingdoesnotmeananythingtohimor-her.Evenif,forpoliteness,heholdsouthisunwillinghandinanswertoyouruninvitedhand,justtouchitslightly-Thereisgenerallyamisunderstanding(误解)amongtheChinesethatwesternersareusuallyopenandstraightforward,whiletheChineseareratherreserved(保守的)inmanner.ButinfactsomepeopleinwesterncountriesmorereservedthansomeChinesetoday.Soitisagoodideatoshakehandswithawesterneronlywhenheshowsint