高考英语一轮复习阅读理解分类专练之推理判断.docx

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高考英语一轮复习阅读理解分类专练之推理判断.docx

高考英语一轮复习阅读理解分类专练之推理判断

2021年高考英语一轮复习阅读理解分类专练之推理判断

Part1整体感知

一、推理判断题主要考查学生:

(1)推断隐含意义的能力。

(2)推断作者的观点或态度的能力。

(3)推断写作目的的能力。

(4)推断文章的出处的能力。

(5)推断上下文内容的能力。

1.细节推理判断题该类型题干主要命题特征:

1.题干主要包括六个动词:

infer(推断),indicate(象征,暗示),imply(暗示),suggest(暗示),conclude(作出结论)和assume(假定,设想)。

此类题目常见出题方式:

1.Itcanbeinferred/concluded/seenfromthetextthat_______.

2.Whichofthefollowingconclusionscanwedrawaccordingtothepassage?

3.Inwhichofthefollowingpublicationswouldthispassagemostlikelybeprinted?

4.Theattitudeoftheauthortowardssomebody/sonethingis_______.

5.What’stheauthor’sattitudetoward…?

6.Themainpurposeofthistextis_____.

7.Fromthepassagewecanconcludethat_______.

2.掌握表述作者观点态度的形容词、动词

(1)表示积极的词:

support(支持),supportive(支持的),approve(赞成),approving(赞同的),for(支持),infavorof(支持),optimistic(乐观的),positive(积极的),objective(客观的),helpful(有帮助的),admiring(赞赏的),serious(严肃的),enthusiastic(热情的),pleasant(愉快的),polite(礼貌的),concerned(关切的),humorous(幽默的),unbiased(无偏见的),confident(自信的),impressive(给人印象深刻的)等。

(2)表示消极的词汇:

disgusted(厌恶的),disgusting(令人厌恶的),critical(批评的),negative(否定的),suspicious(怀疑的),intolerable(无法忍受),disappointed(失望的),biased(有偏见的),compromising(有失体面的),uninterested(不感兴趣的),worried(担心的),hostile(敌对的),ironic(讽刺的),sarcastic(挖苦的),bitter(令人不快的),cynical(愤世嫉俗的),sentimental(伤感的),emotional(情绪激动的),sceptical(怀疑的),opposed(强烈反对的),angry(气愤的),doubt(怀疑)等。

(3)表示中立的词:

indifferent(冷淡的;漠不关心的),inpersonal(客观的),impartial(不偏袒的),factual(事实的),objective(客观的),neutral(中立的)等。

二、正确选项特征

1.“立足原文,只推一步”,即根据原文内容,一步即可推得。

2.选项中一般不出现绝对概念,如only,never,all,absolutely等,正确答案的表述一般有一点模糊,会用一些相对能够留有一些余地的词汇,如often,usually,sometimes,some,may,might,can,could,possibly,probably等。

三、干扰选项特征

1.只是原文的简单复述,而非推断出来的结论,把直接表达当作间接推理;

2.主观臆断:

没有基于原文进行推断,而是根据常识推断;

3.过度推断:

作者只是客观地叙述事实,并未做出评论,而一些选项却主观地进行推断。

如提到一样东西贵,并不意味着就买不起。

4.错误推断:

某些细节看似从原问推断出来的结论,然而实际上与原文不符,或断章取义,或因果倒置和手段变目的等;

Part2解题方法

方法1.根据特定信息进行推断

在阅读中作判断,一定要以材料提供的事实为依据,作出的推断要合乎情理。

有些简单的推理判断题,可根据题干提供的信息,到原文中去抓关键信息,然后进行分析、推理、判断。

典题例证(2018.全国卷I阅读D节选)

Wemaythinkwe'reaculturethatgetsridofourworntechnologyatthefirstsightofsomethingshinyandnew,butanewstudyshowsthatwekeepusingourolddevices(装置)wellaftertheygooutofstyle.That’sbadnewsfortheenvironment—andourwallets—astheseoutdateddevicesconsumemuchmoreenergythantheneweronesthatdothesamethings.

32.Whatdoestheauthorthinkofnewdevices?

A.Theyareenvironment-friendly.B.Theyarenobetterthantheold.

C.Theycostmoretouseathome.D.Theygooutofstylequickly.

根据节选段的最后一句“That’sbadnewsfortheenvironment—andourwallets—astheseoutdateddevicesconsumemuchmoreenergythantheneweronesthatdothesamethings.”可知,做同样的事,过时的电子设备比新设备耗能更多。

由此可推断,作者认为新设备更节能、更环保,故答案为A。

方法2.从字里行间悟出作者的言外之意。

1.…Theyoungmanquicklyanswered,“Yes,sir.”

从quickly和“Yes,sir.”可以推论出,说话者似乎态度谦卑,甚至有点诚惶诚恐。

2.“…LotsofpeoplethinkI’mjustagreenkid.I’llshowthem.”

Green原意为“绿色的”,由此引申为“不成熟的”,这里可译作“毛孩子”。

从“I’llshowthem.”可推论出两层意思:

1.“许多人认为我只是一个毛孩子,我要给他们做个样子看看。

”(表示很自信);2.“许多人认为我只是一个毛孩子,我要给他们一点颜色让他们看看。

”(威胁的口气)

3.Theoldmanstaggered(摇摇晃晃地走)alongthesidewalk.Hegrabbedatthepicketfencetokeepfromfalling.Historngrayovercoatswayedopeninthewinterwind.

4.粗心地学生可能会从“staggered(摇摇晃晃)”,“grabbed…fromfalling”推论出这个老头喝醉了。

显然这种推论缺乏足够的证据,因为学生忽略了“Historngrayovercoatswayedopeninthewinterwind.”这一事实。

事实上,作者描绘了一幅凄惨的画面。

合理的推论应该是:

这位老人上了年纪,身体很虚弱。

方法3.利用语境的褒贬性进行信息推断

文章是作者抒发感情、表达观点的一种方式。

因此很多文章,尤其是记叙文和议论文,其语境都有一定的褒贬性,来反映主人公的特定心理和情绪状态以及作者的写作意图。

掌握好文章的语境褒贬性就能在把握主旨的基础上对文章进行准确的逻辑判断。

典题例证(2019.全国卷ID节选)

Duringtherosyyearsofelementaryschool(小学),Ienjoyedsharingmydollsandjokes,whichallowedmetokeepmyhighsocialstatus.Iwasthequeenoftheplayground.Thencamemytweensandteens,andmeangirlsandcoolkids.Theyroseintheranksnotbybeingfriendlybutbysmokingcigarettes,breakingrulesandplayingjokesonothers,amongwhomIsoonfoundmyself.

32.Whatsortofgirlwastheauthorinherearlyyearsofelementaryschool?

A.Unkind.B.Lonely.C.Generous.D.Cool.

解析:

根据第一段Duringtherosyyearsofelementaryschool,Ienjoyedsharingmydollsandjokes,whichallowedmetokeepmyhighsocialstatus.可知,在美好的小学时光里,我喜欢分享我的洋娃娃和笑话,这让我保持了高高的社会地位。

由此推断出,作者在小学早期时,是一个慷慨的女孩。

unkind不友善的;lonely寂寞的;generous慷慨的;cool冷静的;酷的。

故选C。

方法4.根据文章体裁和内容推断文章出处

判断文章出处的题目应从文章的体裁和内容着手。

一般来说,报纸上的新闻前面会出现日期、地点或通讯社名称等;广告类文章因其格式特殊,容易辨认;产品说明类文章器皿、设备的使用说明会有产品名称或操作方式。

典题例证(2010.全国卷III阅读B节选)

B

ManyofusloveJulybecauseit’sthemonthwhennature’sberriesandstonefruitsareinabundance.ThesecolourfulandsweetjewelsfromBritishColumbia’sfieldsarelittlepowerhousesofnutritionalprotection.

Ofthecommonberries,strawberriesarehighestinvitaminC,although,becauseoftheirseeds,raspberriescontainalittlemoreprotein(蛋白质),ironandzinc(notthatfruitshavemuchprotein).Blueberriesareparticularlyhighinantioxidants(抗氧化物质).TheyellowandorangestonefruitssuchaspeachesarehighinthecarotenoidsweturnintovitaminAandwhichareantioxidants.Asforcherries(樱桃),theyaresodeliciouswhocares?

However,theyarerichinvitaminC.

27.Fromwhichisthetextprobablytaken?

A.Abiologytextbook.B.Ahealthmagazine.

C.Aresearchpaper.D.Atravelbrochure.

解析:

根据节选第一段中的“ThesecolourfulandsweetjewelsfromBritishColumbia’sfieldsarelittlepowerhousesofnutritionalprotection.”并结合节选第二段描述的几种富含各种维生素的水果可以断定这篇文章可能来自健康杂志。

答案为B.

Part3阅读理解仿真组合练

A

ResearchpublishedinthejournalHighTemperaturefoundthatanhour-longsoakinhotwaterproducedsimilarbloodsugarresponsesto60minutesofmoderatephysicalactivity.

Soundtoogoodtobetrue?

Whiletheresearchontheseeffectsisstillinitial(初步),thereisaplausibleexplanationforthis.

"Itseemsthatactivitiesthatincreaseheatshockproteins(热体克蛋)mayhelptoimprovebloodsugarcontrolandofferanalternativetoexercise,"theleadstudyauthorSteveFaulknerwrote.“Theseactivities—suchassoakinginahottubortakingasauna(桑拿)—mayhavehealthbenefitstopeoplewhoareunabletoexerciseregularly.toanhour-longsessionofcyclingoranhour-longsessionina40℃bath.

Thescientistsdiscoveredthatbothgroupswerebetterabletocontroltheirbloodsugarlevelsinthe24hoursfollowingtheirsoakwereapproximately10percentlowerthanthoseoftheparticipantswhoexercised.

Researcherssaythisimpliesthat“passiveheating"(ameansofrisingyourbodytemperature)couldassistinloweringbloodsugarlevels.Passiveheatingcanaffectproteinsinthebodycalledheatshockproteins,whichhelpsregulatebloodsugar.Peoplewithdiabetes(糖尿病)tendtohavelowerlevelsofheatshockproteins.Passiveheatingcanraisetheselevels.

It'scriticaltopointoutafewlimitationsofthestudy.Forstarters,theexperimentonlymonitoredmen,soit'sdifficulttosayifthesameeffectwouldhappeninwomen.Italsoonlyincluded14volunteers,whichwasanextremelysmallsamplesize.Moreresearchneedstobeconductedbeforescientistscancometoanyofficialconclusion.And,ofcourse,youshouldstillcontinueexercisingregularly.

Thatbeingsaid,thestudydoesoffersomemorepromisinginsights(见解)intothehealingeffectsofhotwater.

1.Whatdoestheunderlinedword“plausible”inParagraph2referto?

A.Strange.B.Ridiculous.

C.Reasonable.D.Confusing.

2.WhatcanweknowabouttheresearchbytheU.K.'steam?

A.Cyclingmadenodifferencetobloodsugarlevels.

B.Peoplewithdiabetesusuallyhavehigherlevelsofheatshockproteins.

C.14leanand14overweightmenwereinvolvedintheresearch.

D.A24-hourtrackingandmonitoringwascarriedoutaftertheone-houractivities.

3.Howshouldscientistsimprovethisstudy?

A.Byextendingthestudyperiod.

B.Bychangingtheresearchmethod.

C.Byincludingwomenintheresearch.

D.Byaddingmorescientistsinvolvedintheinvestigation.

4.Whichofthefollowingbestexpressestheauthor'smainpointofview?

A.Whenyourunafeveryougetpassiveheating.

B.Passiveheatingcanraiselevelsofheatshockproteins.

C.Theresearchisofsignificanceinspiteofsomeimperfection.

D.Youneedeitherahotbathorregularexercisetokeephealthy.

B

Theannualmarathoninmytownoccurredasscheduled.Myjobwastofollowbehindtherunnersinanambulanceincaseanyofthemneededmedicalattention.Astheathletesbegantopacethemselves,thefrontrunnersstartedtodisappear.ItwasthenthatmyeyesweredrawntothewomaninbluerunningshortsandabaggywhiteT-shirt.

Iknewwewerealreadywatchingour“lastrunner”.Herfeetwereturnedin,yetherleftkneewasturnedout.Herlegsweresocrippledandbentthatitseemedimpossibleforhertowalk,letalonerunamarathon.

ThedriverandIwatchedinsilenceassheslowlymovedforward.Wewouldmoveforwardalittlebit,thenstopandwaitforhertogainsomedistance.Thenwe’dslowlymoveforwardalittlebitmore.AsIwatchedherstruggletoputonefootinfrontoftheother,Ifoundmyselfbreathingforherandurgingherforward.Iwantedhertostop,andatthesametime,Iprayedthatshewouldn’t.

Finally,shewastheonlyrunnerleftinsight.Isatontheedgeofmyseatandwatchedwithrespectandamazementasshepushedforwardwithsheerdeterminationthroughthelastmiles.Whenthefinishlinecameintosight,thecheeringcrowdshadlonggonehome.Yet,standingstraightandproudwaitedaman.Hewasholdingoneendofaribbontiedtoapost.Sheslowlycrossedthrough,leavingbothendsoftheribbonfluttering(飘动)behindher.

Idon’tknowthiswoman’sname,butthatdayshebecameapartofmylife—apartIoftendependon.Forher,itwasn’taboutbeatingtheotherrunnersorwinningaprize.Itwasaboutfinishingwhatshehadsetout

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