chapter5 semantics.docx

chapter5 semantics.docx

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chapter5semantics

Chapter5Semantics

I.DecidewhethereachofthefollowingstatementsisTrueorFalse:

1.DialectalsynonymscanoftenbefoundindifferentregionaldialectssuchasBritishEnglishandAmericanEnglishbutcannotbefoundwithinthevarietyitself,forexample,withinBritishEnglishorAmericanEnglish.

2.Senseisconcernedwiththerelationshipbetweenthelinguisticelementandthenon-linguisticworldofexperience,whilethereferencedealswiththeinherentmeaningofthelinguisticform.

3.Linguisticformshavingthesamesensemayhavedifferentreferencesindifferentsituations.

4.Insemantics,meaningoflanguageisconsideredastheintrinsicandinherentrelationtothephysicalworldofexperience.

5.Contextualismisbasedonthepresumptionthatonecanderivemeaningfromorreducemeaningtoobservablecontexts.

6.Behaviouristsattemptedtodefinethemeaningofalanguageformasthesituationinwhichthespeakeruttersitandtheresponseitcallsforthinthehearer.

7.Themeaningofasentenceisthesumtotalofthemeaningsofallitscomponents.

8.Mostlanguageshavesetsoflexicalitemssimilarinmeaningbutrankeddifferentlyaccordingtotheirdegreeofformality.

9.“itishot.”isano-placepredicationbecauseitcontainsnoargument.

10.Ingrammaticalanalysis,thesentenceistakentobethebasicunit,butinsemanticanalysisofasentence,thebasicunitispredication,whichistheabstractionofthemeaningofasentence.

11.ThemeaningrelationshipbetweenMANandGROWN-UPishyponymousbecausethesemanticfeaturesofMANareincludedinthoseofGROWN-UP.

12.Semantically,BEEFisexcludedinMEAT.

13.“Kids”and“children”aresynonymousdespitetheirstylisticdifference.

14.Inthefollowingpairofsentences,Sentence（b）presupposesSentence（a）:

Johnmanagedtofinishintime.（b）Johntriedtofinishintime.

15.Inthesemiotictriangle,thereisnodirectrelationshipbetweensymbolandreferent.

16.Ifawordhassense,itmusthavereference.

17.Predicationofasentenceisidenticaltothepropositionofthesentence.

18.Aftercomparing“Theystoppedattheendofthecorridor”with“Attheendofthecorridor,theystopped”,youmayfindsomedifferenceinmeaning,andthedifferencecanbeinterpretedintermsofcollocativemeaning.

19.“Tulip”,“rose”and“violet”areallincludedinthenotionof“flower”,thereforetheyaresuperordinatesof“flower”.

20.Thetheoryofmeaningwhichrelatesthemeaningofawordtothethingitrefersto,orstandsfor,isknownasthereferentialtheory.

II.Fillineachofthefollowingblankswithonewordwhichbeginswiththelettergiven:

21.S________canbedefinedasthestudyofmeaning.

22.Theconceptualistviewholdsthatthereisnod______linkbetweenalinguisticformandwhatitrefersto.

23.R______meanswhatalinguisticformreferstointhereal,physicalworld;itdealswiththerelationshipbetweenthelinguisticelementandthenon-linguisticworldofexperience.

24.Wordsthatarecloseinmeaningarecalleds________.

25.Whentwowordsareidenticalinsound,butdifferentinspellingandmeaning,theyarecalledh__________.

26.R_________oppositesarepairsofwordsthatexhibitthereversalofarelationshipbetweenthetwoitems.

27.C____analysisisbaseduponthebeliefthatthemeaningofawordcanbedividedintomeaningcomponents.

28.Whetherasentenceissemanticallymeaningfulisgovernedbyrulescalleds________restrictions,whichareconstraintsonwhatlexicalitemscangowithwhatothers.

29.Ana________isalogicalparticipantinapredication,largelyidenticalwiththenominalelement（s）inasentence.

30.Accordingtothen____theoryofmeaning,thewordsinalan-guagearetakentobelabelsoftheobjectstheystandfor.

III.Therearefourchoicesfollowingeachstatement.Markthechoicethatcanbestcompletethestatement:

31.Thenamingtheoryisadvancedby________.

A.Plato              B.Bloomfield

C.GeoffreyLeech     D.Firth

32.“Weshallknowawordbythecompanyitkeeps.”Thisstatementrepresents_______.

A.theconceptualistview      B.contexutalism

C.thenamingtheory            D.behaviourism

33.Whichofthefollowingisnottrue?

A.Senseisconcernedwiththeinherentmeaningofthelinguisticform.

B.Senseisthecollectionofallthefeaturesofthelinguisticform.

C.Senseisabstractandde-contextualized.

D.Senseistheaspectofmeaningdictionarycompilersarenotinterestedin.

34.“CanIborrowyourbike”_______“Youhaveabike.”

A.issynonymouswith        B.isinconsistentwith

C.entails                     D.presupposes

35.___________isawayinwhichthemeaningofawordcanbedissectedintomeaningcomponents,calledsemanticfeatures.

A.Predicationanalysis     B.Componentialanalysis

C.Phonemicanalysis       D.Grammaticalanalysis

36.“alive”and“dead”are______________.

A.gradableantonyms             B.relationalopposites

C.complementaryantonyms   D.Noneoftheabove

37._________dealswiththerelationshipbetweenthelinguisticelementandthenon-linguisticworldofexperience.

A.Reference        B.Concept

C.Semantics        D.Sense

38.___________referstothephenomenonthatwordshavingdifferentmeaningshavethesameform.

A.Polysemy          B.Synonymy

C.Homonymy      D.Hyponymy

39.Wordsthatarecloseinmeaningarecalled______________.

A.homonyms      B.polysemy

C.hyponyms       D.synonyms

40.Thegrammaticalityofasentenceisgovernedby_______.

A.grammaticalrules

B.selectionalrestrictions

C.semanticrules

D.semanticfeatures

IV.Definethefollowingterms:

41.semantics             42.sense

43.reference              44.synonymy

45.polysemy                46.homonymy

47.homophones           48.Homographs

49.completehomonyms   50.hyponymy

51.antonymy            52componentialanalysis

53.grammaticalmeaning    54.predication

55.Argument          56.predicate

57.Two-placepredication

V.Answerthefollowingquestions:

58.Whydowesaythatameaningofasentenceisnotthesumtotalofthemeaningsofallitscomponents?

59.Whatiscomponentialanalysis?

Illustrateitwithexamples.

60.Howdoyoudistinguishbetweenentailmentandpresuppositionintermsoftruthvalues?

61.Howdoyouaccountforsuchsenserelationsbetweensentencesassynonymousrelation,inconsistentrelationintermsoftruthvalues?

62.Accordingtothewaysynonymsdiffer,howmanygroupscanweclassifysynonymsintoIllustratethemwithexamples.

63.WhatarethemajorviewsconcerningthestudyofmeaningHowtheydiffer?

64.Ofthefivesemanticrelationsamongsentences:

paraphrase,entailment,contradiction,presuoopsition,andtautology,whichoftheserelationsisexemplifiedineachofthefollowingpairsofsentencesorsentences?

A.IsawTimothyattheanniversaryparty.

ItwasTimothythatIsawattheanniversaryparty.

B.Theorphanhasnofather.

C.JulesisMary’shusband.Maryismarried.

D.Veraisanonlychild.OlgaisVera’ssister.

E.ThemayorofManchesterisawoman.

ThereisamayorinManchester.

65.Inthesentence“Isawhimonthebus”,therecanbethreeinterpretationsofthemeaning.Trytoanalyzethesentencetobringaboutyourdifferentinterpretations.GiveequivalentexpressionsinChinese,ifnecessary.

Chapter5Semantics

I.DecidewhethereachofthefollowingstatementsisTrueorFalse:

l.F   2.F   3.T   4.F   5.T   6.T   7.F   8.T   9.T   10.T

 11.T12.F13.T14.T15.T16.F17.T18.F19.F20.T

II.Fillineachofthefollowingblankswithonewordwhichbeginswiththelettergiven:

21.Semantics22.direct23.Reference24.synonyms25.homophones26.Relational27.Componential28.selectional29.argument30.naming

III.Therearefourchoicesfollowingeachstatement.Markthechoicethatcanbestcompletethestatement:

3l.A   32.B   33.D   34.D   35.B   36.C   37.A   38.C   39.D   40.A

IV.Definethefollowingterms:

41.Semantics:

Semanticscanbesimplydefinedasthestudyofmeaninginlanguage.

42.Sense:

Senseisconcernedwiththeinherentmeaningofthelinguisticform.Itisthecollectionofallthefeaturesofthelinguisticform;itisabstractandde-contextualised.

43.Reference:

Referencemeanswhatalinguisticformreferstointhereal,physicalworld;itdealswiththerelationshipbetweenthelinguisticelementandthenon-linguisticworldofexperience

44.Synonymy:

Synonymyreferstothesamenessorclosesimilarityofmeaning.

45.Polysemy:

Polysemyreferstothefactthatthesameonewordmayhavemorethanonemeaning.

46.Homonymy:

Homonymyreferstothephenomenonthatwordshavingdifferentmean-ingshavethesameform,i.e.,differentwordsareidenticalinsoundorspelling,orinboth.

47.homophones:

Whentwowordsareidenticalinsound,theyarecalledhomophones

48.homographs:

Whentwowordsareidenticalinspelling,theyarehomographs.

49.completehomonyms.:

Whentwowordsareidenticalinbothsoundandspelling,theyarecalledcompletehomonyms.

50.Hyponymy:

Hyponymyreferstothesenserelationbetweenamoregeneral,moreinclusivewordandamorespecificword.

51.Antonymy:

Antonymyreferstotherelationofoppositenessofmeaning.

52.Componentialanalysis:

Componentialanalysisisawaytoanalyzewordmeaning.Itwaspro-posedbystructuralsemanticists.Theapproachisbasedonthebeliefthatthemeaningofa-wordcanbedividedintomeaningcomponents,whichareca