Unit Twodoc改.docx

Unit Twodoc改.docx

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UnitTwodoc改

UnitFive

HowtoKeepthePooroffOurConscience

byJohnKennethGalbraith

Background

JohnKennethGalbraith（1908-）Canadian-bornU.S.economistandauthor,ambassadortoIndia1961-63.AHarvardprofessor（1949-75）andanactivistinliberalwingoftheDemocratParty.GalbraithhasbeenaconsistentadvocateofKeynesianeconomics,supportingactivestateinterventionintotheeconomyandurginggovernmenteffortstofightpovertyandunemployment.Hismajorbooksinclude“TheNewIndustrialState”（1967）,“Money”（1975）,“TheAgeofUncertainty”（1977）,“AffluentSociety”（1958）.

JohnKennethGalbraithisregardedasthemostimportantrepresentativeoftheNeoinstitutionalSchoolortheNeoinstitutionalism.

Notes:

Keynesianism（1946）:

theeconomictheoriesandprogramsascribedtoJohnM.Keynes（1883-1946）andhisfollowers;specif:

theadvocacyandfiscalprogramsbygovernmenttoincreaseemploymentandspending.

Plutarch（AD46--120）:

Greekphilosopherandbiographer

AdamSmith（1723--1790）isgenerallyregardedasthefounderofthepoliticaleconomics.HismajorbookwasTheWealthofNations（fulltitle:

AnInquiryintotheNatureandCausesoftheWealthofNations）.Publishedin1776,itwasthefirstcompleteworkonpoliticaleconomy.

SmithwasborninKirkcaldy,Scotland.HestudiedattheUniversityofGlasgowandOxfordUniversity.In1751,hebecameaprofessoratGlasgow.HewroteTheTheoryofMoralSentiment（1759）there.ThisphilosophicalworkgainedSmithanappointmentin1764astutoroftheyoungDukeOdBuccleuch.ThetutoringtookSmithtoFrance,wherehestartedwritingTheWealthofNations.WhenSmithreturnedtoEnglandin1766,theduke’sstepfatherprovidedSmithwitharegularincome.ThemoneyenabledSmithtoretirefromteachinganddevotethenext10yearsofhislifetowriting.

JeremyBentham（1748--1832）:

Englishphilosopher,economist,juristandfounderofUtilitarianism.Hismajorworkwas“AnIntroductiontothePrinciplesofMoralsandLegislation”（1789）.

DavidRicardo（1772—1823）:

Englisheconomist,founder,withAdamSmith,oftheclassicaleconomicsschool,andaprimeminister（1819--1823）.Inhis“PrinciplesofPoliticalEconomyandTaxation”{1817},hepioneeredtheuseoftheoreticalmodelsinanalyzingthedistributionofwealth.

ThomasRobertMalthus（1766--1834）:

Englisheconomist,sociologistandpioneerinthestudyofthepopulationproblem.

HerbertSpencer（1820--1903）:

Englishphilosopher,socialtheoristandearlyevolutionist.

JohnD.Rockefelle（1839--1937）:

Firstofthewell-knownfamilyofU.S.financiersandpoliticians,founderofRockefellerFoundation.

Outline/Framework:

1.Introduction----Theproblem:

imbalancebetweentherichandthepoor.Keepingthepooroffourconsciencewasoneoftheoldesthumanexercisesandhasbeenanintellectualpreoccupationforcenturies.

2.Review----1.}Bible:

Thepoorsufferinthisworldbutarewonderfullyrewardedinthenext.

2.}JeremyBentham（18thcentury）Utilitarianism:

“thegreatestgoodforthegreatestnumber”.

3.}DavidRicardoandThomasRobertMalthus（19thcentury）:

“Thepovertyofthepoorwasthefaultofthepoor.”

4.）HerbertSpencer:

SocialDarwinism:

Surviveofthefittest.AndJohnD.Rockefeller:

TheAmericanBeautyRose.

5.）CalvinCoolidgeandHerbertHoover:

Publicassistancetothepoorinterferedwiththeeffectiveoperationoftheeconomicsystem.

6.）RooseveltRevolution:

Aspecificresponsibilitywasassumedbythegovernmentfortheleastfortunatepeople.

3.Designs----1.）Governmentincompetence.

2.）Anyformofpublichelptothepooronlyhurtsthepoor.

3.）Public-assistancemeasureshaveanadverseeffectonincentive.Theytransferincomefromthediligenttotheidleandfeckless,thusreducingtheeffortofthediligentandencouragingtheidlenessoftheidle.

4.）Thepresumedadverseeffectonfreedomoftakingresponsibilityforthem.MiltonFriedman:

peoplemustbe“freetochoose”,“Weshouldnotuseit（freedom）asacoverfordenyingfreedomtothoseinneed”.

5.）Psychologicaldenial.Bythesameprocessofpsychologicaldenial,wedeclinetothinkofthepoor.

4.Conclusion

Translation:

改革开放取得丰硕成果，社会主义市场经济体制初步建立。

公有制经济进一步壮大，国有企业改革稳步推进。

个体、私营等非公有制经济较快发展。

市场体系建设全面展开，宏观调控体系不断完善，政府职能转变步伐加快。

财税、金融、流通、住房和政府机构等改革继续深化。

开放型经济迅速发展，商品和服务贸易、资本流动规模显著扩大。

国家外汇储备大幅度增加，

我国加入世贸组织，对外开放进入新阶段。

Reformandopening-uphaveyieldedsubstantialresults.Thesocialistmarketeconomyhastakenshapeinitially.Thepublicsectoroftheeconomyhasexpandedandsteadyprogresshasbeenmadeinthereformofstate-ownedenterprises.Self-employedorprivateenterprisesandothernon-publicsectorsoftheeconomyhavedevelopedfairlyfast.Theworkofbuildingupthemarketsystemhasbeeninfullswing.Themacro-controlsystemhasimprovedconstantly.Thepaceofthechangeingovernmentfunctionshasbeenquickened.Reforminfinance,taxation,banking,distribution,housing,governmentinstitutionsandotherareashascontinuedtodeepen.Theopeneconomyhasdevelopedswiftly.Tradeincommoditiesandservicesandcapitalflowhavegrownmarkedly.China’sforeignexchangereserveshaverisenconsiderably.WithitsaccessiontotheWorldTradeOrganization（WTO）,Chinahasenteredanewstageinitsopening-up.

UnitFour

UsefulWordsandPhrases

1.suppose:

guess;think认为

2.befacedwith:

beconfrontedwith面对

3.drumupbusiness兜揽生意

4.opttodosth.:

choosetodosth.选择做某事

5.makefoolofsb.愚弄某人

6.contemptuous表示轻蔑的；鄙视的

7.giveout停止运转

8.ponder深思；考虑

9．pokeinto刺探

10．snoop窥探

11．rattle使惊慌失措

12．incentive刺激；奖励

Outline/Framework

1.Introduction---Whatisawelfareclientsupposedtodo?

2.Theauthor’sattitudestowardswelfare:

1）.rigoroushonesty

2）.contemptuous

3）.mycuer

5）.…feltthecutsinauniqueway.

6）.…earnedmoneyoncartoons,hadtoaccountingforeverypenny.

7）.…hopedforalawforagradualshiftawayfromwelfare,buthadbeencutoffabruptlyandretroactively.

8）.…wantedtopayforasparepart,butfeltlikearenegadeandaculprit.

9）.…hasthetalent,thedesire,themoxieandtwicethedriveoftheaverage,buttheywon’tletyoudoit.

3.Welfaresystemsoeasilylendsitselftoabuse.

4.Conclusion---appealtoachangeofthewelfaresystem.

Translatethefollowingsentences:

English---Chinese

1.Deepdown,caseworkersknowthattheyarebeingshinedonandmadefoolsofbymanyoftheirclients,andtheyexpecttobekowtowedtoascompensation.

2.ButevenifIyieldedtothattemptation,outfitskikeTheNewYorkerandPenthousearenotgoingtogetinvolvedinsomestickysituation.

3.Theplainfactis,though,thatuntilrecently,whenIbegantobeperceivedassomethingofaminormediathreat,welfaretreatedmelikeabum.

Chinese----English

国民经济持续快速健康发展。

实施扩大内需的方针，适时采取积极的财政政策和稳健的货币政策，克服亚洲金融危机和世界经济波动对我国的不利影响，保持了经济较快增长。

经济结构战略性调整取得成效，农业的基础地位继续加强，传统产业得到提升，高新技术产业和现代服务业加速发展。

建设了一大批水利、交通、通讯、能源和环保等基础设施工程。

西部大开发取得重要进展。

经济效益进一步提高。

财政收入不断增长。

“九五”计划胜利完成，“十五”计划开局良好。

Thenationaleconomyhasmaintainedasustained,rapidandsounddevelopment.Bypursuingtheprincipleofstimulatingdomesticdemandandadoptingtheproactivefiscalpolicyandthesoundmonetarypolicyingoodtime,weovercametheadverseeffectstheAsianfinancialcrisisandworldeconomicfluctuationshadonChina,andmaintainedarelativelyrapideconomicgrowth.Thestrategicadjustmentoftheeconomicstructurehasbeencrownedwithsuccess.Thepositionofagricultureasthefoundationoftheeconomyhasbeenstrengthened.Traditionalindustrieshavebeenupgraded.Highandnewtechnologyindustriesandmodernserviceshavegainedspeed.Alargenumberofinfrastructureprojectsinsuchareasaswaterconservancy,transportation,telecommunications,energyandenvironmentalprotectionhavebeencompleted.Significantheadwayhasbeenmadeinthelarge-scaledevelopmentofChina’swesternregion.Economicreturnshavefurtherimproved.Nationalrevenuehaskeptgrowing.TheninthFive-yearPlan（1996-2000）wasfulfilledandtheTenthFive-yearPlanhasseenagoodstart.

回首这十三年，我们走过的道路很不平坦。

我们从容应对一系列关系我国主权和安全的国际突发事件，战胜在政治、经济领域和自然界出现的困难和风险，经受住一次又一次考验，排除各种干扰，保证了改革开放和现代化建设的航船始终沿着正确的方向破浪前进。

我们能取得这样的胜利，靠的是党的基本理论、基本路线和基本纲领的正确指引，靠的是党的高度团结统一，靠的是全党和全国人民的顽强奋斗。

Areviewofthese13yearsshowsthatwehavetraversedatortuouscourseandthatourachievementsarehardwon.WehaverespondedconfidentlytoaseriesofunexpectedinternationaleventsbearingonChina’ssovereigntyandsecurity.Wehavesurmounteddifficultiesandrisksarisingfromthepoliticalandeconomicspheresandfromnature.Wehavegonethroughonetrialafteranotherandremovedallkindsofobstacles,thusensuringthatourreform,openingupandmodernizationdrivehavebeenforgingaheadinthecorrectdirectionlikeashipbravingsurgingwaves.WehaveattainedthesesuccessesbyrelyingonthecorrectguidanceoftheParty’sbasictheory,lineandprogram,onthehighdegreeofunityandsolidarityofthePartyandonthetenaciousworkofthewholePartyandthepeopleofallethnicgroupsaroundthecountry.