英语综合写作.docx

英语综合写作.docx

《英语综合写作.docx》由会员分享，可在线阅读，更多相关《英语综合写作.docx（7页珍藏版）》请在冰豆网上搜索。

英语综合写作

TPO1

Reading

IntheUnitedStates,employeestypicallyworkfivedaysaweekforeighthourseachday.However,manyemployeeswanttoworkafour-dayweekandarewillingtoacceptlesspayinordertodoso.Amandatorypolicyrequiringcompaniestooffertheiremployeestheoptionofworkingafour-dayworkweekforfour-fifths（80percent）oftheirnormalpaywouldbenefittheeconomyasawholeaswellastheindividualcompaniesandtheemployeeswhodecidedtotaketheoption.

Theshortenedworkweekwouldincreasecompanyprofitsbecauseemployeeswouldfeelmorerestedandalert,andasaresult,theywouldmakefewercostlyerrorsintheirwork.Hiringmorestafftoensurethesameamountofworkwouldbeaccomplishedwithoutadditionalpayrollcosts,becausefour-dayemployeeswouldonlybepaid80percentofthenormalrate.Intheend,companieswouldhavefeweroverworkedanderror-proneemployeesforthesamemoney,whichwouldincreasecompanyprofits.

Forthecountryasawhole,oneoftheprimarybenefitsofofferingthisoptiontoemployeesisthatitwouldreduceunemploymentrates.Ifmanyfull-timeemployeesstartedworkingfewerhours,someoftheirworkloadwouldhavetobeshiftedtoothers.Thus,foreveryfouremployeeswhowentonan80percentweek,anewemployeecouldbehiredatthe80percentrate.Therefore,afour-dayworkweekcanincreasetheemploymentrates.

Finally,theoptionofafour-dayworkweekwouldbebetterforindividualemployees.Employeeswhocouldaffordalowersalaryinexchangeformorefreetimecouldimprovethequalityoftheirlivesbyspendingtheextratimewiththeirfamilies,pursuingprivateinterests,orenjoyingleisureactivities.

Listening

Offeringemployeestheoptionofafour-dayworkweekwon'taffectthecompanyprofits,economicconditionsorthelivesofemployeesinthewaysthereadingsuggests.

First,offeringafour-dayworkweekwillprobablyforcecompaniestospendmore,possiblyalotmore.Addingnewworkersmeansputtingmuchmoremoneyintoprovidingtrainingandmedicalbenefits.Rememberthecostsofthingslikehealthbenefitscanbethesamewhetheranemployeeworksfourdaysorfive.Andhavingmoreemployeesalsorequiresmoreofficespaceandmorecomputers.Theseadditionalcostswouldquicklycutintocompanyprofits.

Second,withrespecttooverallemployment,itdoesn'tfollowthatoncesomeemployeeschooseafour-dayworkweek,manymorejobswillbecomeavailable.Hiringnewworkersiscostly,asIarguedamomentago.Andcompanieshaveotheroptions.Theymightjustchoosetoasktheiremployeestoworkovertimetomakeupthedifference.Worse,companiesmightraiseexpectations.Theymightstarttoexpectthattheirfour-dayemployeescandothesameamountofworktheyusedtodoinfivedays.Ifthishappens,thennoadditionaljobswillbecreatedandcurrentjobswillbecomemoreunpleasant.

Finally,whileafour-dayworkweekoffersemployeesmorefreetimetoinvestintheirpersonallives,italsopresentssomerisksthatcouldendupreducingtheirqualityoflife.Workingashorterweekcandecreaseemployees'jobstabilityandharmtheirchancesforadvancingtheircareers.Four-dayemployeesarelikelytobethefirsttolosetheirjobsduringaneconomicdownturn.Theymayalsobepassedoverforpromotionsbecausecompaniesmightprefertohavefive-dayemployeesinmanagementpositionstoensurecontinuouscoverageandconsistentsupervisionfortheentireworkweek.

TPO3

Reading

Rembrandtisthemostfamousoftheseventeenth-centuryDutchpainters.However,therearedoubtswhethersomepaintingsattributedtoRembrandtwereactuallypaintedbyhim.OnesuchpaintingisknownasattributedtoRembrandtbecauseofitsstyle,andindeedtherepresentationofthewoman’sfaceisverymuchlikethatofportraitsknowntobebyRembrandt.ButthereareproblemswiththepaintingthatsuggestitcouldnotbeaworkbyRembrandt.

First,thereissomethinginconsistentaboutthewaythewomanintheportraitisdressed.Sheiswearingawhitelinencapofakindthatonlyservantswouldwear-yetthecoatsheiswearinghasaluxuriousfurcollarthatnoservantcouldafford.Rembrandt,whowasknownforhisattentiontothedetailsofhissubjects’clothing,wouldnothavebeenguiltyofsuchaninconsistency.

Second,Rembrandtwasamasterofpaintinglightandshadow,butinthispaintingtheseelementsdonotfittogether.Thefaceappearstobeilluminatedbylightreflectedontoitfrombelow.Butbelowthefaceisthedarkfurcollar,whichwouldabsorblightratherthanreflectit.Sothefaceshouldappearpartiallyinshadow-whichisnothowitappears.Rembrandtwouldneverhavemadesuchanerror.

Finally,examinationofthebackofthepaintingrevealsthatitwaspaintedonapanelmadeofseveralpiecesofwoodgluedtogether.AlthoughRembrandtoftenpaintedonwoodpanels,nopaintingknowntobebyRembrandtusesapanelgluedtogetherinthiswayfromseveralpiecesofwood.

ForthesereasonsthepaintingwasremovedfromtheofficialcatalogofRembrandt’spaintingsinthe1930s.

Listening

Everythingyoujustreadabout"PortraitofanElderlyWomaninaWhiteBonnet"istrue,andyetafterathoroughre-examinationofthepainting,apanelofexpertshasrecentlyconcludedthatit'sindeedaworkbyRembrandt.Hereiswhy.

First,thefurcollar.X-raysandanalysisofthepigmentsinthepainthaveshownthatthefurcollarwasn'tpartoftheoriginalpainting.Thefurcollarwaspaintedoverthetopoftheoriginalpaintingaboutahundredyearsafterthepaintingwasmade.Why?

Someoneprobablywantedtoincreasethevalueofthepaintingbymakingitlooklikeaformalportraitofanaristocraticlady.

Second,thesupposederrorwithlightandshadow.Oncethepaintoftheaddedfurcolorwasremoved,theoriginalcouldbeseen.Intheoriginalpainting,thewomaniswearingasimplecollaroflight-coloredcloth.Thelight-coloredclothofthiscollarreflectslightthatilluminatespartofthewoman'sface.That'swhythefaceisnotinpartialshadow.Sointheoriginalpainting,lightandshadowareveryrealisticandjustwhatwewouldexpectfromRembrandt.

Finally,thewoodpanel.Itturnsoutthatwhenthefurcollarwasadded,thewoodpanelwasalsoenlargedwithextrawoodpiecesgluedtothesidesandthetoptomakethepaintingmoregrandandmorevaluable.Sotheoriginalpaintingisactuallypaintedonasinglepieceofwood,aswouldbeexpectedfromaRembrandtpainting.Andinfact,researchershavefoundthatthepieceofwoodintheoriginalformof"PortraitofanElderlyWomaninaWhiteBonnet"isfromtheverysametreeasthewoodpanelusedforanotherpaintingbyRembrandt,his"Self-portraitwithaHat".

TPO4

Reading

Endothermsareanimalssuchasmodernbirdsandmammalsthatkeeptheirbodytemperaturesconstant.Forinstance,humansareendothermsandmaintainaninternaltemperatureof37°C,nomatterwhethertheenvironmentiswarmorcold.Becausedinosaurswerereptiles,andmodernreptilesarenotendotherms,itwaslongassumedthatdinosaurswerenotendotherms.However,dinosaursdifferinmanywaysfrommodemreptiles,andthereisnowconsiderableevidencethatdinosaurswere,infact,endotherms.

Polardinosaurs

OnereasonforbelievingthatdinosaurswereendothermsisthatdinosaurfossilshavebeendiscoveredinPolarRegions.Onlyanimalsthatcanmaintainatemperaturewellabovethatofthesurroundingenvironmentcouldbeactiveinsuchcoldclimates.

Legpositionandmovement

Thereisaconnectionbetweenendothermyandthepositionandmovementofthelegs.Thephysiologyofendothermyallowssustainedphysicalactivity,suchasrunning.Butrunningisefficientonlyifananimal'slegsarepositionedunderneathitsbody,notatthebody'sside,astheyareforcrocodilesandmanylizards.Thelegsofallmodernendothermsareunderneaththebody,andsowerethelegsofdinosaurs.Thisstronglysuggeststhatdinosaurswereendotherms.

Haversiancanals

Thereisalsoaconnectionbetweenendothermyandbonestructure.ThebonesofendothermsusuallyincludestructurescalledHaversiancanals.Thesecanalshousenervesandbloodvesselsthatallowthelivinganimaltogrowquickly,andrapidbodygrowthisinfactacharacteristicofendothermy.ThepresenceofHaversiancanalsinboneisastrongindicatorthattheanimalisanendotherm,andfossilizedbonesofdinosaursareusuallydensewithHaversiancanals.

Listening

Manyscientistshaveproblemswiththeargumentsyoureadinthepassage.Theydon'tthinkthoseargumentsprovethatdinosaurswereendotherms.

Takethepolardinosaurargument.Whendinosaurslived,eventhePolarRegions,wheredinosaurfossilshavebeenfound,weremuchwarmerthantoday,warmenoughduringpartoftheyearforanimalsthatwerenotendothermstolive.AndduringthemonthswhenthePolarRegionswerecold,theso-calledpolardinosaurscouldhavemigratedtowarmerareasorhibernatedlikemanymodernreptilesdo.SothepresenceofdinosaurfossilsinPolarRegionsdoesn'tprovethedinosaurswereendotherms.

Well,whataboutthefactthatdinosaurshavetheirlegsplacedundertheirbodies,notouttothesidelikecrocodiles.Thatdoesn'tnecessarilymeandinosaurswerehigh-energyendothermsbuiltforrunning.Thereisanotherexplanationforhavinglegsunderthebody.Thisbodystructuresupportsmoreweight,sowiththelegsundertheirbodies,dinosaurscangrowtoaverylargesize.Beinglargehadadvantagesfordinosaurs,sowedon'tneedtheideaofendothermyandrunningtoexplainwhydinosaursevolvedtohavetheirlegsundertheirbodies.

Ok,sohowaboutbonestructure?

Manydinos