美国文化考试题库.docx
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美国文化考试题库
1.WhatisthenameofAmericannationalflag?
Whatdoesitconsistof?
Andwhatdoeseachpartrepresent?
ThenationalflagoftheUnitedStatesofAmerica,oftensimplyreferredtoastheAmericanflag,ornicknamedas"StarsandStripes","TheStar-SpangledBanner",consistsofthirteenequalhorizontalstripesofred(topandbottom)alternatingwithwhite,withabluerectangleinthecanton(referredtospecificallyasthe"union")bearingfiftysmall,white,five-pointedstarsarrangedinnineoffsethorizontalrowsofsixstars(topandbottom)alternatingwithrowsoffivestars.The50starsontheflagrepresentthe50statesoftheUnitedStatesofAmericaandthe13stripesrepresentthethirteenBritishcoloniesthatdeclaredindependencefromtheKingdomofGreatBritainandbecamethefirststatesintheUnion.
2.Beinganationofimmigrants,theUnitedStateshasbeencomparedto,metaphorically,a“meltingpot,”a“saladbowl,”orevena“mosaic.”DothesemetaphorshelpusunderstandthecomplexnatureoftheUnitedStates?
Andhow?
Yes,theydo.
ThepopulationoftheUnitedStatesincludesalargevarietyofethnicgroupscomingfrommanyraces,nationalities,andreligions.Theprocessbywhichthesemanygroupshavebeenmadeapartofacommonculturallifewithcommonlysharedvaluesiscalledassimilation.ScholarsdisagreeastotheextenttowhichassimilationhasoccurredintheUnitedStates.SomehavedescribedtheUnitedStatesasa"meltingpot"wherevariousracialandethnicgroupshavebeencombinedintooneculture.OthersareinclinedtoseetheUnitedStatesasa"saladbowl"wherethevariousgroupshaveremainedsomewhatdistinctanddifferentfromoneanother,creatingarichlydiversecountry.
PerhapstheUnitedStateswillbedescribednotasa"meltingpot"ora"saladbowl"butasa"mosaic"—apicturemadeupofmanytinypiecesofdifferentcolors.Ifonelookscloselyatthenation,theindividualsofdifferentcolorsandethnicgroupsarestilldistinctandrecognizable,buttogethertheycreateapicturethatisuniquelyAmerican.Asanationwhichiscomposedofmany,themottooftheUnitedStatesis"Outofmany,one."
3.ThreeprimarycharacteristicsoftheAmericanlandscapeareitsinsulationfromEuropeandAsia(bytheAtlanticandPacificoceans),itsexpanseandvarietyofresources,anditsnaturalnetworkofwaterways.Untilthe20thcentury,thesefactorseliminatedtheneedforlargestandingarmies,offeredeconomicself-sufficiency,andprovidedinternalmobility.TowhatextenthavetheseandotherphysicalfeaturesencouragednationalintegrationoftheU.S.?
American’sinsulationfromEuropeandAsiamadethecountryfarawayfromtheWWIandWW2andprotecteditfromthedangerofthewars,whichgaveittheworldsupremacywhilealloftheEuropeancountriesdeclinedafterthewars.Ontheotherhand,itsexpanseandvarietyofresourcesanditsnaturalnetworkofwaterwaysoffereconomicself-sufficiency,andprovideinternalmobility.AllofthecharacteristicsoftheAmericanlandscapehaveguaranteedthesafetyofthecountryandtheeconomicandthetechnologicalgrowth.
4.TheregionalcultureoftheUnitedStatesisvariedanddistinctive.Describe,briefly,thethreeorfourregionsintheU.S.,givingparticularattentiontotheirimportance,respectively,toAmericanculture.
TheUnitedStatescanbetraditionallydividedintosevengeographicalregions.TheyareNewEngland,theMiddleAtlanticStates,theMidwest,theSouth,theGreatPlains,RockiesandIntermountainregionortheAmericanWest,thePacificCoast,andtheNewStates.
Thenortheast(theNewEngland)isassociatedwithcoreAmericanvalues.MostoftheprominentsymbolsofAmericannationalismareconcentratedhere.It’sthefinancialcenterofAmerican.There’remanybankinghouseshere,suchasJ.P.Morgan,ChaseManhattan.TheNewYorkStockExchangeisalsointhisregion.Ingeneral,theNewEnglandersarefamousfortheirserious&self-reliantcharacter.Today,NewEnglandistheleastreligiouspartoftheU.S.
Whilethesouth,isfamousforitspastimage,whichiscalledslowtalkingandslowthinking.Inmostpeople’smind,thepeopleinsouthlivealifebasedonlegaciesofslaveryandracism.Itistheso-called“Themostreligious,leasteducated,andlowestpaidareainthecountry”.Butthesouthernersarewellknownfortheirhospitality.
ThepeopleinMidwestareknownfortheirhonestyanddown-to-earthdirectness.Itisinterestingthattheregionproducesfarmorebig-timebasketballplayerspercapitathanthenationalaverage.Itistheagriculturalbreadbasket,meatpacking,anddairylandofthenation.Itisalsoaregionofgreatindustrialandmanufacturingcities,includingChicago,Detroit,Cleveland,Cincinnati,St.Louis,andMilwaukee.MidwesternersaremoreconservativethanCaliforniansandlesssophisticatedthanNewYorkers.
Westhasthebigstatesandsmallpopulation.TherearethegreatplainsandthegreatAmericandesertintheregion.Itisaregionofscenicbeautyonagrandscale,suchastheGrandCanyon,MesaVerdeCliffDwellings,HooverDam,etc.Californiancitiesareknownfortheirtolerance.Asaruleinterpersonalrelationsaremarkedbyalive-and-let-liveattitude.SoCaliforniansareeagertotrynewfads.
5.WhatarethegeneralcharactersoftheRockyMountains?
TheRockiesarethebackboneofthecontinent.ComparedtotheothermountainsinAmerican,theyareveryyoung.TheyaremorethantwiceashighastheAppalachiansandhighenoughtoreceivemoreprecipitationthanthesurroundingplainsandplateaus.Consequently,theyaremostlyforested.ThestrikingandvariedsceneryoftheRockieshasgivenrisetotheestablishmentofmanynationalparkshere.Themountainsaresohigh,roughandirregularthatmakethesceneryimpressive.ThemostfamousoneistheYellowstoneNationalParkwhichcoversanareaofabout9,000squarekilometers.ItisinthenorthwestcornerofWyoming,butalsotakesuppartofMontanaandIdaho.Yellowstonehasabout3,000geysersandhotsprings.Italsohasmudvolcanoes,fossilforests,andvolcanicglass.
6.WhatweresomeofthecausesoftheAmericanRevolution?
书上答案:
In1763,theBritishgovernmentbegantotaxitsAmericancoloniesmoreheavilyandalsotriedtoincreaseitscontroloverthecolonies.Englandwantedtosellthecoloniesallthemanufacturedgoodsthecolonists’tradewithothercountries.EnglandalsoprohibitedwestwardexpansionintoAmericanterritoriesreservedfortheIndians.Buttheincreasedtaxationcausedthemosttrouble.Eventually,thecolonistsrefusedtopaythenewtaxesonstamps,tea,andotherimports.Asaresult,relationsbetweenthemothercountryanditscolonieswentfrombadtoworse.
其实下面这个答案也蛮不错~
(1)Potentialsourceofconflict:
Increasingdifferences
Bytheearly1760s,the13EnglishcoloniesinNorthAmericahaddevelopedasimilarAmericanpatterninpolitics,economyandculturallifeandenjoyedthesamefrontierenvironment.BecausetheEnglishpeopleandEuropeanshadbecomeAmericansandtheyhadformedanewidentity.Sotheywerereadytoseparatethemselvesfromtheoldworld.
Political:
“notaxationwithoutrepresentation.”
Economic:
Britishmercantilistpoliciesvs.thegrowthofAmericaneconomy.Theyfearedthatnewtaxeswouldmaketradingdifficult,andtheBritishtroopsstationedinthecoloniesmightbeusedtocrushthecivillibertieswhichtheyhadenjoyed.
(2)Directconflict
AftertheFrenchandIndianwar,theBritishgovernmentbegantochargenewtaxesonsugar,coffee,textilesandotherimportedgood.TheAmericanthoughtthat“Taxationwithoutrepresentationistyranny."ThecolonistsrefusedtoobeytheBritishlaw,soBritishsoldiersweresenttoBoston.
(3)Fuse:
In1773,agroupofpatriotsrespondedtotheteataxbystagingtheBostonTeaParty,whichdirectlyledtotherevolution.
7.WhatwerethecontradictionsbetweentheFederalistsandtheRepublicans?
(没时间的话只抄横线部分)
TheFederalistswereapowerfulandwealthyparty,madeupmostlyofnortheasternmerchantsandentrepreneursfromtheuppercalss.WhiletheRepublicans,knownasthe"partyofthecommonman,"weremadeupofsouthernplanters.
TheFederalistswereinfluentialinNewEnglandandthenorthernpartoftheUnitedStateswherebigbusinessthrived.Intermsofpoliticalthought,theFederalistsbelievedinstronggovernmentleadershipandalooseconstructionistinterpretationoftheConstitution,meaningthatkeyphilosophieswereimpliedbyorsimplyunderstoodbythewordingoftheConstitution,andthuscouldbeadaptedtotheday-to-dayrunningofthegovernment.TheyalsosupportedimprovedrelationswithEnglandoverFrance.
Incontrast,theRepublicans,knownasthe"partyofthecommonman,"weremadeupoffarmers,smallbusinessmen,andlaborers,andinfluencedthesouthernandwesternpartsoftheUnitedStates,whereagriculturewasstrong.TheRepublicansadoptedastrictconstructionistinterpretationoftheConstitution,meaningthatifanissuewasn'twrittenorreferredtodirectlyintheConstitutionthenthefederalgovernmenthadnoauthoritytoregulateormanagethoseaffairs.
8.WhataretheresultsoftheLouisianaPurchase?
TheLouisianaPurchase(French:
VentedelaLouisiane"SaleofLouisiana")wastheacquisitionbytheUnitedStatesofAmericaof828,800squaremiles(2,147,000km2)ofFrance'sclaimtotheterritoryofLouisianain1803.TheU.S.paid60millionfrancs($11,250,000)pluscancellationofdebtsworth18millionfrancs($3,750,000),foratotalcostof15milliondollarsfortheLouisianaterritory($217millionintoday'scurrency).[1][2][3]
TheLouisianaPurchaseencompassedallorpartof14currentU.S.statesand