英语语音教案.docx

英语语音教案.docx

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英语语音教案

TeachingPoints:

ⅠBasicConcepts:

IPA=InternationalPhoneticAlphabet

RP=ReceivedPronunciation=StandardPronunciation=TheQueen’sEnglish

Phonology:

the_studyofhowsoundsareorganizedandusedinnaturallanguages.

Phoneme:

Inalanguageordialect,aphonemeisthesmallestseglentalunitofsoundemployedtoform-meaningfulcontrastsbetweenut4erances.

Phonetics:

abranchof_lin'uisticsthatcomprisesthestudyofthesoundsofhumanspeech..

ⅡConstitution:

Thepurevowels:

thefrontvowels,thebackvowels,thecentralvowels;

Thediphthongs:

theclosingdiphthongs,thecenteringdiphthongs;

Theconsonants:

theplosiveconsonants,thefrica4iveconsonants,theaffricateconsonants,thenasalconsonants,thelateralconsonants,thesemi-vowels.

ⅢThepurevowels:

Vowelsaresoundsinwhichthereisnoobstructiontotheflowofairasitpassesfromthelarynxtothelips.Thereare20vowelsinEnglish,amongwhich12arepurevowelsand8arediphthongs.TheEnglishpurevowelscanbeclassifiedaccordingto

1）theheightoftheraisedpartofthetongue;

2）thepartofthetongueraised,and

3）thepositionofthelips,i.e.whethertheyareroundedorunrounded.

ⅰTheFrontVowels:

TherearefourfrontvowelsinEnglish.Whentheyarepronounced,thetonguebodyisshiftedforward,causingthevowelstobeproducedinthefrontofthemouth.Inaddition,thefrontvowelsmaybesubdividedintothosethatarehigh（orclose）,middleandlow（oropen）.Forthetwovowelsinthehighfrontspace,thetongueisclosetothehardpalate.Likewise,forthelowvowel,thetongueisnearlyflatandthelowerjawmoreopenthanfortheotherfrontvowels.

/i:

/&/i/,

/i:

/isaverycommonsoundintheworld'slanguages.Itismadebyraisingthebodyofthetonguefromitsrestpositionandshiftingitforward.The/i/soundismadebyloweringthetongueslightlyfromthehigh-frontpositionfor/i:

/.Besides,/i:

/isamuchmoretensesoundthan/i/.ThefactthatEnglishhasthesetwohighfrontvowels,differentiatedbymuscletensionintherootofthetongue,setsitapartfromChineseandmanylanguagesoftheworld.Both/i:

/and/i/canoccurininitial,medial,andfinalpositioninwords.

VerylittledifficultyshouldbeencounteredbytheChineselearnersinthepronunciationof/i:

/,but/i/isaproblemsound.Itiseasyforthelearnerstodetectthedifferenceinlength.Whatcountshere,however,isthedifferenceinquality.Itisthereforeimportanttopointoutthefactthattopronounceacorrect/i/,youneedto

1）loweryoutonguealittlebitfromthepositionfor/i:

/,and

2）makeitalaxsoundinsteadofatensesoundlike/i:

/.

Theimportanceofcorrectpronunciationof/i/liesinthefactthatitisthesecondmostfrequentvowelinEnglish.

/e/&/æ/

/e/isalsoanEnglishvowelwithhighfrequencyofoccurrence.Thetonguebodyisshiftedforwardinthemid-plane./æ/isproducedbyshiftingthebodyofthetongueforwardfromitsrelaxedstate,andloweringitfromthepositionfor/e/.Itisthelowestofthefrontvowels./e/and/æ/donotoccurinfinalpositioninEnglishwords.

/e/and/æ/arenotreallyproblemsoundsfortheChineselearners,butmanyofthemfailtomakeacleardistinctionbetweenthetwointheirspeech.Thedifficultyisthattheyhavetomakethecleardistinctionconsistent.

ⅱTheCentralVowels:

TherearethreecentralvowelsinEnglish:

/з:

/,/ә/and/Λ/.Whentheyarepronounced,theytendtobeproducedatapointmidwaybetweenthefrontandbackvowelsandbetweenthehighandlowvowels.

/з:

/&/ә/

/з:

/and/ә/arecentralvowels./з:

/ismadewiththetongueintheapproximatemiddleofthemouth.Itoccursonlyinstressedsyllables./ә/isalsocalledaschwa.Itismadesimilarlyto/з:

/,butwithlesstension./ә/isthemostfrequentlyusedvowelinEnglish.Both/з:

/and/ә/mayoccurinallthreewordpositions.

Mostlearnersdonothaveproblemsinthepronunciationof/з:

/and/ә/,stillweneedtogivespecialattentiontotheschwa.Theproblemwiththeschwamaynotgenerallybeinproduction,butinknowingwhentousethesound.

/Λ/

/Λ/ismadewiththetongueintheapproximatemiddleofthemouth,perhapsshiftedbackslightly.Itislowerthantheothercentralvowels/з:

/and/ә/.Thelippositionisneutral.

ⅲTheBackVowels:

TherearefivebackvowelsinEnglish.Thebackvowelsareproducedbyshiftingthebodyofthetonguebackfromitscentralposition.Thetipofthetongueremainsatthelevelofthelowerteeth.Thefrontandbackvowelshaveseveralfeaturesincommonaswellassomedifferences.Unlikethefrontvowelsthataremadewithafairlyneutrallipposture,fourofthebackvowelsarerounded.Thebackvowelsmayalsobesubdividedintothosethatarehigh（/u:

/and/u/）,mid（/ɔ:

/and/ɒ/）,andlow（/a:

/）.

/u:

/and/u/

/u:

/and/u/arebothhigh,back,roundedvowels.The/u:

/marksthehighestboundaryforthebackvowels,as/i:

/doesforthefrontvowels.Therefore,thetongueisretractedfromitsrestpositionandraisedtowardthesoftpalate.Alongwith/u:

/,/u/completesthevowelsinthehighbackspaceonthevowelschart.Itscorrespondingfrontvowelis/i/.Whenmakingthesound,thetongueisretractedasfor/u:

/butnotelevatedtothesameextent.Inaddition,the/u/vowelisnotmadewithasmuchtensionintherootofthetongueas/u:

/.Thesametense/laxcontrastisalsoseenfor/i:

/and/i/.Thissoundisnotfoundveryfrequentlyasaphonemeinthelanguagesoftheworld,certainlynotinChinesePutonghua.InEnglish,itisnotverycommondespitethefactthatitappearsinsomefrequentlyusedwords,suchasshould,good,andbook./u:

/occursatallthethreepositionsofawordwhile/u/occursonlyinthemiddlepositionofaword,likebookandhook.Toensurecorrectpronunciation,itisimportanttomakethefollowingdistinctionbetween/u:

/and/u/:

1./u:

/isthehighestbackvowel,sotheraisedpartofthetonguefor/u:

/ishigherthanthatfor/u/;

2.thepartofthetongueraisedfor/u/isnotasbackasthatfor/u:

/;

3./u:

/hasquitestrongliproundingwhilethelipsareonlyslightlyroundedfor/u/.

/ɔ:

/&/ɒ/

/ɔ:

/isamid-backvowel.Foritsproduction,thetongueisretractedandalmostflatinthemouth.Thevowelisalmostfullybackandhasquitestronglip-rounding./ɒ/isalowvowel.Thelipsareslightlyrounded./ɒ/isadifficultvowelfortheChineselearners.Manyofthemuseashortenedversionof/ɔ:

/asitssubstitution.Toensurecorrectpronunciation,itisimportanttomakethefollowingdistinctionbetweenthesetwovowels:

1./ɒ/isalowvowelwhile/ɔ:

/isamidvowel,sothemouthismoreopenfor/ɒ/,

2./ɔ:

/hasquitestrongliproundingwhilethelipsareonlyslightlyroundedfor/ɒ/.

/a:

/

The/a:

/ismadebyloweringandflatteningthetongueintheoralcavity.Itisalowvowel,butnotasbackasotherbackvowelsinEnglish.

ⅣThediphthongs:

Thereareeightdiphthongs（alsoglidingvowels）inEnglish.Diphthongsaresoundswhichconsistofamovementofglidefromonevoweltoanother.Perhapsthemostimportantthingtorememberaboutallthediphthongsisthatthefirstpartismuchlongerandstrongerthanthesecondpart.

Theclosingdiphthongshavethecharacteristicthattheyallendwithaglidetowardsacloservowel.Becausethesecondpartofthediphthongisweak,theyoftendonotreachapositionthatcouldbecalledclose.Thecentringdiphthongsallglidetowardsthe[ә]（schwa）vowel,asthesymbolsindicate.

MostChineseEFLlearnershavelittleproblemwithmostofthediphthongs,butthefollowingtwoareparticularlyimportanttoensurecorrectpronunciation.

a.Makesurethatyouhaveacorrectstartingpoint.

b.Makesurethatthediphthongsendwithaglide.

*TheTriphthongs:

amonosyllabicvowelcombinationinvolvingaquickbutsmoothmovementofthearticulatorfromonevowelqualitytoanotherthatpassesoverathird.

ⅤTheRulesofReadingofEnglishVowelLetters

ⅰrelativeconcepts

Syllables:

AsyllableisawordpartandthebasicunitofEnglishrhythm.Englishwordscanhaveone,two,threeorevenmoresyllables.（aletteroracombinationoflettersutteredtogether,oratasingleeffortorinpulseofthevoice.）

StressedSyllables:

Stressedsyllablesarethosethataremarkedinthedictionaryasstressed.（StressedsyllablesinEnglishareusuallylonger,louder,andhigherinpitch.）

*Stressedsyllablesarestrongsyllables.Unstressedsyllablesareweaksyllables.

Stressedsyllables:

-arelong

-haveapitchchange

-havefullvowelsounds.

Unstressedsyllables:

-areshort

-oftenhaveareducedvowelsound.

OpenSyllables:

Asyllableendinginavowelsound.（alsocalledfreesyllables）.It

containstheabsoluteopensyllables（inasyllable,nothingcomes

afterthevowelletter）&therelativeopensyllables（inasyllable,

thevowelletterisfollowedbyaconsonantletterandamutevowel

letter）.

ClosedSyllables:

Asyllableendinginaconsonant.（alsocalledcheckedsyllables）

StressedClosedSyllables:

inamonosyllabicword,thevowelletterisfollowedbyoneormoreconsonantletters.（shortvowel）

ⅱThelengthofthevowels

1.Longvowelsanddiphthongsarelongerinstressedsyllablesthanwhenfollowedbyanunstressedsyllableorsyllables.

eg.thevowel/ɔ:

/islongerincall/kɔ:

l/thanincalling/kɔ:

liŋ/,thevowel/au/inhouse/haus/islongerthaninhouses/'hauziz/.

2.Longvowelsanddiphthongsarelongerinstressedsyllablesthaninunstressedsyllables:

eg.the/ɔ:

/inrecord/ri'kɔ:

d/islongerthanthe/ɔ:

/inrecord/'rәkɔ:

d/.Similarlythe/ai/inidle/'aidl/islo