资格考试最新整理备考辅导考研英语精读 36.docx
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资格考试最新整理备考辅导考研英语精读36
——教学资料参考参考范本——
【资格考试】2019最新整理--(备考辅导)考研英语精读36
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HOWTOMARKABOOK
MortimerJ.Adler
Youknowyouhavetoread"betweenthelines"togetthemostoutofanything.Iwanttopersuadeyoutodosomethingequallyimportantinthecourseofyourreading.Iwanttopersuadeyouto"writebetweenthelines."Unlessyoudo,youarenotlikelytodothemostefficientkindofreading.
Youshouldn'tmarkupabookwhichisn'tyours.Librarians(oryourfriends)wholendyoubooksexpectyoutokeepthemclean,andyoushould.IfyoudecidethatIamrightabouttheusefulnessofmarkingbooks,youwillhavetobuythem.
Therearetwowaysinwhichonecanownabook.Thefirstisthepropertyrightyouestablishbypayingforit,justasyoupayforclothesandfurniture.Butthisactofpurchaseisonlythepreludetopossession.Fullownershipcomesonlywhenyouhavemadeitapartofyourself,andthebestwaytomakeyourselfapartofitisbywritinginit.Anillustrationmaymakethepointclear.Youbuyabeefsteakandtransferitfromthebutcher'siceboxtoyourown.Butyoudonotownthebeefsteakinthemostimportantsenseuntilyouconsumeitandgetitintoyourbloodstream.Iamarguingthatbooks,too,mustbeabsorbedinyourbloodstreamtodoyouanygood.
Therearethreekindsofbookowners.Thefirsthasallthestandardsetsandbest-sellers——unread,untouched.(Thisindividualownswood-pulpandink,notbooks.)Thesecondhasagreatmanybooks——afewofthemreadthrough,mostofthemdippedinto,butallofthemascleanandshinyasthedaytheywerebought.(Thispersonwouldprobablyliketomakebookshisown,butisrestrainedbyafalserespectfortheirphysicalappearance.)Thethirdhasafewbooksormany——everyoneofthemdog-earedanddilapidated,shakenandloosenedbycontinualuse,markedandscribbledinfromfronttoback.(Thismanownsbooks.)
Isitfalserespect,youmayask,topreserveintactabeautifullyprintedbook,anelegantlyboundedition?
Ofcoursenot.I'dnomorescribblealloverafirsteditionof"ParadiseLost"thanI'dgivemybabyasetofcrayonsandanoriginalRembrandt!
Iwouldn'tmarkupapaintingorastatue.Itssoul,sotospeak,isinseparablefromitsbody.Andthebeautyofarareeditionorofarichlymanufacturedvolumeislikethatofpaintingorastatue.Ifyourrespectformagnificentbindingorprintinggetsintheway,buyyourselfacheapeditionandpayyourrespectstotheauthor.
Whyismarkingupabookindispensabletoreading?
First,itkeepsyouawake.(AndIdon'tmeanmerelyconscious;Imeanwideawake.)Inthesecondplace,reading,ifitisactive,isthinking,andthinkingtendstoexpressitselfinwords,spokenorwritten.Themarkedbookisusuallythethought-throughbook.Finally,writinghelpsyourememberthethoughtsyouhad,orthethoughtstheauthorexpressed.Letmedevelopthesethreepoints.
Ifreadingistoaccomplishanythingmorethanpassingtime,itmustbeactive.youcan'tletyoureyesglideacrossthelinesofabookandcomeupwithanunderstandingofwhatyouhaveread.Nowanordinarypieceoflightfiction,like,say,"GonewiththeWind,"doesn'trequirethemostactivekindofreading.Thebooksyoureadforpleasurecanbereadinastateofrelaxation,andnothingislost.Butagreatbook,richinideasandbeauty,abookthatraisesandtriestoanswergreatfundamentalquestions,demandsthemostactivereadingofwhichyouarecapable.Youdon'tabsorbtheideasofJohnDeweythewayyouabsorbthecrooningofMr.Vallee.Youhavetoreachforthem.Thatyoucannotdowhileyou'reasleep.
If,whenyou'vefinishedreadingabook,thepagesarefilledwithyournotes,youknowthatyoureadactively.ThemostfamousactivereaderofgreatbooksIknowisPresidentHutchins,oftheUniversityofChicago.HealsohasthehardestscheduleofbusinessactivitiesofanymanIknow.Heinvariablyreadwithpencil,andsometimes,whenhepicksupabookandpencilintheevening,hefindshimself,insteadofmakingintelligentnotes,drawingwhathecalls"caviarfactories"onthemargins.Whenthathappens,heputsthebookdown.Heknowshe'stootiredtoread,andhe'sjustwastingtime.
But,youmayask,whyiswritingnecessary?
Well,thephysicalactofwriting,withyourownhand,bringswordsandsentencesmoresharplybeforeyourmindandpreservesthembetterinyourmemory.Tosetdownyourreactiontoimportantwordsandsentencesyouhaveread,andthequestionstheyhaveraisedinyourmind,istopreservethosereactionsandsharpenthosequestions.Youcanpickupthebookthefollowingweekoryear,andthereareallyourpointsofagreement,disagreement,doubtandinquiry.It'slikeresuminganinterruptedconversationwiththeadvantageofbeingabletopickupwhereyouleftoff.
Andthatisexactlywhatreadingabookshouldbe:
aconversationbetweenyouandtheauthor.Presumablyheknowsmoreaboutthesubjectthanyoudo;naturallyyou'llhavetheproperhumilityasyouapproachhim.Butdon'tletanybodytellyouthatareaderissupposedtobesolelyonthereceivingend.Understandingisatwo-wayoperation;learningdoesn'tconsistinbeinganemptyreceptacle.Thelearnerhastoquestionhimselfandquestiontheteacher.Heevenhastoarguewiththeteacher,onceheunderstandswhattheteacherissaying.Andmarkingabookisliterallyanexpressionofyourdifferences,oragreementsofopinion,withtheauthor.
Thereareallkindsofdevicesformarkingabookintelligentlyandfruitfully.Here'sthewayIdoit:
1.Underlining:
ofmajorpoints,ofimportantorforcefulstatements.
2.Verticallinesatthemargin:
toemphasizeastatementalreadyunderlined.
3.Star,asterisk,orotherdoo-dadatthemargin:
tobeusedsparingly,toemphasizethetenortwentymostimportantstatementsinthebook.
4.Numbersinthemargin:
toindicatethesequenceofpointstheauthormakesindevelopingasingleargument.
5.Numberofotherpagesinthemargin:
toindicatewhereelseinthebooktheauthormadepointsrelevanttothepointmarked;totieuptheideasinabook,which,thoughtheymaybeseparatedbymanypages,belongtogether.
6.Circlingofkeywordsorphrases.
7.Writinginthemargin,oratthetoporbottomofthepage,forthesakeof:
recordingquestions(andperhapsanswers)whichapassageraiseinyourmind;reducingacomplicateddiscussiontoasimplestatement;recordingthesequenceofmajorpointsrightthroughthebook.Iusetheend-papersatthebackofthebooktomakeapersonalindexoftheauthor'spointsintheorderoftheirappearance.
Thefrontend-papersare,tome,themostimportant.Somepeoplereservethemforafancybookplate,Ireservethemforfancythinking.AfterIhavefinishedreadingthebookandmakingmypersonalindexonthebackend-papers,Iturntothefrontandtrytooutlinethebook,notpagebypage,orpointbypoint(I'vealreadydonethatattheback),butasanintegratedstructure,withabasicunityandanorderofparts.Thisoutlineis,tome,themeasureofmyunderstandingofthework.
NewWords
persuade
vt.cause(sb.)todosth.byreasoning,arguing,etc.说服,劝服
librarian
n. 图书馆管理员
property
n. (collectively)thingsowned;possessions财产
prelude
n. action,event,etc.thatservesasanintroduction序幕;前奏曲
possession
n. possessing;ownership;(pl.)property拥有;所有权;财产
ownership
n. thepossessing(ofsth.);rightofpossessing所有(权)
illustration
n. anexamplewhichexplainsthemeaningofsth.;adnexplanatorypicture,diagram,etc.例;图例;插图
beefsteak
n. 牛排
transfer
vt.hadoverthepossessionof(property,etc.);changeofficiallyfromoneposition,etc.toanother转移;调动
butcher
n. apersonwhokills,cutsupandsellsanimalsforfood屠夫
icebox
n. aboxwherefoodiskeptcoolwithblocksofice;(AmE)refrigerator
bloodstream
n. thebloodasitflowsthroughthebloodvesselsofthebody血流
absorb
vt.takeorsuchin(liquids);takein(knowledge,ideas,etc.)吸收
best-seller
n. bookthatissoldinverylargenumbers畅销书
individual
n. anyonehumanbeing(contrastedwithsociety)个人
woodpulp
n. 木(纸)浆
dip
v. plungeorbeplungedquicklyorbrieflyintoaliquid,esp.towetorcoat浸;蘸
shiny
a. givingofflightasifpolished;bright发亮的
restrain
vt.prevent;control;holdback抑制;控制,约束
dogeared
a. (ofabook)havinghecornersofthepagesbentdownwithuse,likeadog'sears(书页)卷角的
dilapidated
a. (ofthings)brokenandold;fallingtopieces破旧的;倾坍的
loosen
v. makeorbecomelooseorlooser(使)松开
continual
a. repeated;frequent不断的;频繁的
scribble
v. writehastilyorcarelessly;writemeaninglessmarksonpaper,etc.潦草书写;乱涂
preserve
vi.keepsafefromharmofdanger保护;保存
intact
a. untouched;undamaged完整无损的
elegantly
ad.beautifully;gracefully优美地;雅致地
eleganta.
bind(bound)
vt.tieorfastenwitharope,etc.;fastentogethersheetsof(abook)andenclosewithinacover捆,绑;装订(书)
edition
n. forminwhichabookispublished;totalnumberofcopies(ofabook,newspaper,etc.)issuedfromthesametypes(书等的)版本;版
paradise
n. theGardenofEden;Heaven伊甸园;天堂
crayon
n. 蜡笔;颜色笔
original
painting
n. apaintedpicture;picture
statue
n. animageofapersonoranimalinwood,stone,bronze,etc.雕像
inseparable
a. impossibletoseparatefromoneanother
manufacture
vt.make,produceonalargescalebymachinery制造;(大量)生产
magnificent
a. splendid;remarkable华丽的;宏伟的
indispensable
a. absolutelyessentialornecessary必不可少的
conscious
a. aware;abletofeelandthink有意识的;神志清醒
understanding
n. knowledgeofthenatureofsth.,basedesp.onlearningorexperience理解
fiction
n. (branchofliteratureconcernedwith)storie