英语论文隐喻与翻译.docx

英语论文隐喻与翻译.docx

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英语论文隐喻与翻译

隐喻与翻译-MetaphorandTranslation

[Abstract]Translation,asatoolforthecommunicationofcultures,transfersthecognitionofthesourcelanguageintothetargetlanguage,andtranslationofmetaphorhasbecameacontroversyreceivingmoreandmoreattentions.ThispaperintroducestheEnglishandtheChinesemetaphorindetails.Inthebeginning,differentdefinitionsofEnglishmetaphorarequotedfromauthorities.ThentheconstructionofEnglishmetaphorandthreebasiccomponents,thetenor,thevehicleandtheground,areintroduced,followedbythefourbasicstructurepatterns. Differentclassificationsofmetaphorareappreciatedandstudiedatthedifferentlevels.Fromtheangleofrhetoriceffect,thelivemetaphorandthedeadmetaphorareclassifiedinthefirsttype,andfromNewmark’sview,fourcategoriesareclassified,andfinallyfourcategoriescanbesortedoutaccordingtotheemergenceofmetaphor’sthreecomponents.AtthelevelofcognitionthreecategoriesareintroducedformLakoff’sclassification.ThenChinesemetaphorisanalyzedinthesameway,sothecontrastandcomparisonareapparentlymade.Basedonthat,theobstacleswhichmayexistinthetranslationofmetaphorareprobedinto,thatis,thestudyoftheoriginoftheobstacles----cultureclash,includingthedifferencesofthelivingenvironmentandhistory,traditionandcustom,classicaltalesandliteraryworks,religionandsoon.Atlast,thestandardandtheskillsofthetranslationofmetaphorarediscussed.

[Keywords]:

metaphor;translation;thesourcelanguage;thetargetlanguage;cultureclash

【摘要】：

翻译是将一种文化中的语言所表现的认知方式用目的语传递到目的语的文化中去，而隐喻的翻译已经开始成为研究翻译方向里的重点和难点之一。

本文详细介绍英语隐喻和汉语隐喻，首先在概念上引用权威的定义和诠释，接着从结构特征上下手分析英语隐喻的基本构成成分，即：

本体、喻体、喻底。

由此引出英语隐喻的三大基本句型。

在分类上,首先从修辞效果的角度进行论证，①将其分成活隐喻和死隐喻两大类；②引用Mark的观点分成四类进行分析特点；③根据隐喻的三大成分之间的关系，隐喻又可分成四种情况。

接着，从认知层面上，总结分析Lakoff的观点中有利于理解隐喻特点的结构隐喻，实体隐喻，方位隐喻。

接着本文对汉语隐喻和英语隐喻形作一比较，指出在语言上的目标和功能作用成为英语隐喻和汉语隐喻最大的共同点。

在此基础之上，分析了在隐喻翻译过程中会遇上的‘拦路虎’，并深入到产生翻译障碍的根本原因----文化差异，包括地理和历史，传统习俗因，宗教信仰，经典传说和文学作品等其它因素。

最后，探述了隐喻翻译的标准和基本原则，综合英、汉隐喻的特点和文化因素，讨论了几种隐喻翻译的技巧和方法。

【关键词】隐喻；翻译；原语；目的语；文化冲突

1.Introduction

Metaphor,mentionedbyLakoffG&JohnsoninMetaphorsWeLiveBy,ispervasiveinourdailylife,happensnotonlyinhuman’slanguagebutalsoinhuman’sthinkingandbehavior.[1]P1Theutilizationofmetaphorsisveryfrequent,andpracticallyitishighlyvaluabletostudylinguisticmetaphor.Inresentyears,metaphorsintranslationarestudiedmostlyinthefieldofpoetry,literatureandrhetoric.ForthedifferencesbetweenChinese,whichisregardedasacontextuallanguage,andEnglishthathasitsadvantages,itisveryimportanttofindwaystoachievetheequivalenteffectofsourcelanguagewhentheyaretranslatedintothetargetlanguage.Therearesomeexamples.

（1）WereIinherplace,itseemstomeIshouldwishtheearthtoopenand    swallowmeup.（JaneEyreChapter5）

 我若是她，会恨不得立刻在地上挖个洞，钻进去

（2）Hedidnotwinthefirstprize;heisjustpullingyourleg.

 他并没有获得第一名，只不过和你开个玩笑罢了.

（3）孩子是张大妈从小一把屎一把尿待弄出来的,像亲生儿子一样,孩子也把张大妈当作亲妈,冷丁一下子把娘俩拆开,孩子能受得了吗?

Shehadnursedhimeversincehewasasmallbabyandlovedhimasherown;andthechild,too,regardedherashisownmother.Whatwouldhappentohimifhewastakenawayfromher.[2]P19

（4）每个人生活都有苦有甜.

Everylifehasitsrosesandthorns.

Theabovefourexamplesshowthemetaphoricalexpressionsinthetwolanguagesandthebeautiesintranslation.ComparisonbetweenEnglishmetaphorandChinesemetaphorwillhelptostrengthenourunderstandingoftheessenceoflanguage,andtheculturedifferenceswhichcouldbetracedbackbehindthephenomenonoflanguage,bothofwhichservetoprobeintotheartoftranslation;Therefore,inonesense,itishighlyvaluabletocombinethestudyofcomparisonandcontrastbetweenEnglishmetaphorandChinesemetaphor,theculturedifferencesandtranslationskillsintoawhole

2.Englishmetaphor

Metaphorisafigurativephenomenon,animportanttoolinlanguagecommunication;what’smore,ithasaclosedrelationshipwithmanysubjects,[3]P1suchasLiterature,Aesthetics,Sociology,Philosophy,Logicandsoon,formetaphorcanpermeateintoone’ssubjectivethinkingandconceptofaesthetic.One’spersonality,includingphilosophy,culture,standardofaestheticsandsoon,willbereflectedthroughthemetaphoroneuses.Therefore,metaphorshouldbestudiedfromamoreprofoundandhigherlevel.

2.1AuthoritativeDefinition

Variousdefinitionofmetaphorhavebeenproposedandsomeofthemarequotedbelow.

 i）metaphor:

（exampleofthe）useofawordorphrasetoindicatesomethingdifferentfrom（thoughtrelatedinsomewayto）theliteralmeaning,asin‘I’llmakehimeathiswords’or‘shehasaheartofstone’.  （OxfordAdvancedLearner’sEnglish-ChineseDictionthefourthedition）

 ii）metaphor:

awayofdescribingsomethingbycomparingittosomethingelsethathassimilarqualities,withoutusingthewords‘like’or‘as’,‘thesunshineofhersimile’isametaphor.（LongmanDictionaryofContemporary1995）

iii）metaphor:

隐喻（一种修辞手段如drowninginmoney,foodforthought之类）.（TheEnglish-ChineseDictionary1993）

iv）“Bymetaphor.Imeananyfigurativeexpression:

thetransferredsenseofaphysicalword;thepersonificationofanabstraction;theapplicationofawordorcollocationtowhatdoesnotliterallydenote,i.e,todescribeonethingintermsofanother”.PeterNewMark[4]P123

v）metaphor:

afigureofspeechcontaininganimpliedcomparison,inwhichawordorphraseordinarilyandprimarilyusedofonethingisappliedtoanother.（Web’sNowWorldDictionary）

2.2StructureinEnglishmetaphor

MetaphorcomesfromtheancientGreecewords‘meta’and‘pherein’‘meta’means‘across’,‘pherein’means‘change’;Thereforethebasicfunctionofmetaphoristotransformsomethingfromoneplacetoanother.[5]P1Fromsemanticview,therearethreebasicfactorscomposingametaphors:

thetenor,thevehicle,theground,notallofwhichneedtobepresentedinametaphor,thatis,someofthemmaybehidden.Therefore,itisveryimportanttodistinguishthreefactorsfromeachotherwhenfacingametaphor.

（5） Alltheworldisastage,andallthemenandwomenaremerelyplayers.  （Shakespere）

（6） Ihaveseenthemermaidsridingseawardsonthewave.（T.S.Eliot）

Inexample

（1）‘stage’isthevehicle,itsliteralmeaningistheraisedflooronwhichplaysareperformedinatheatrewhichexitinourreallife,while‘world’isthetenor,andthegroundofthismetaphoristhatbotharefullofillusionandabsurdity.In（6）‘riding’isthevehicle,whichliterallymeansanactiontotravellongcontrollingandsittingonahorse,andthegroundisthesituationthatthemermaidsfloatingonthewaveslightly.However,notallvehiclesandtenorsinmetaphorsrefertotherealityinourlifejustasexample（5）and（6）do,theymayrefertotheabstractconceptimpliedinthecontext,andalsotheymayrefertosomekindsofqualityorconditionqualities.Therearesomeexamples.

（7）Thetreeoflibertymustberefreshedfromtimetotimewiththebloodofpatriotsandtyrants.Itisitsnaturalmanure.（TomasJefferson）

（8）Somebooksaretobetasted,othersswallowed,andsomefewtobechewedanddigested.

（9）Hisreplywassmooth.

In（7）thevehicle,‘liberty’,referstoanabstractiveconcept,whichthetenor,‘tree’isamaterialobject,andthegroundimpliesthatlibertycannotbeachievedordefeatedwithouttheshadingofthebloodofboththedefendersandoppressorsofthelibertyinaviolentstruggle.Ontheotherhand,blood（manure）nurturesliberty.Wordsinexample（8）as‘tasted’,‘swallowed’,‘chewed’,‘digested’literallymeansdifferentwaysofeatingfoods,whicharethevehicle,andthetenoris‘readingbooks’,soobviouslythegroundistheconditionthatbookscouldbereadinvariouswaysasfoodscouldbeeatenindifferentmethod.‘smooth’inexample（9）meanshaveanevensurfacewithoutpoints,lumps,pump;notrough;whichisthevehicle,andthetenoris‘reply’.Sothegroundisthatherreplyistactfulandshrewdjustasthesamesatisfactorycharacterorconditionofsmooth.

Fromsyntacticview,theapplicationofmetaphorisalwaysflexibleandmultiple,forinthesentencestructure,thevehiclemaybeimpliedinthesubject,thepredicate,theobject,thepredicative,theattributeortheadverbialmodifier;What’smore,thevehiclecanbeasingleword,aphrase,asentence,orevenaparagraph.However,threebasicstructurepatternsarecommonlyusedinEnglishmetaphor.

PatternI:

thetenorandthevehicleareconnectedbythewordssuchas:

be,become,turninto,ect.,andthevehiclemostlyactsasthepredicative.

（10）Jane’sUncleisanoldfox,uptoallkindsofevils.

（11）Hollywood,California,wasthefilmcapital,amagnetforthetalented,thegreedy,thebeautiful,thehopefulandtheweird.

（12）Afterthatlongtalk,Jimbecamethesuninherheart.

Inexample（10）（11）（12）,thetenorsarerespectively‘Jane’sUncle’,‘Hollywood’,‘Jim’,thevehicle,‘anoldfox’,‘amagnet’,‘thesun’,whicharethepredicativeinthesentences.Thispatternisthemostbasictype.

PatternII:

thepreposition‘of’isusedtoconnectthetenorandthevehicle,indicatingtheappositiverelationship,suchas,

（13）Mirageisthebloomorblightofallmen’shappiness.

（14）Butinacountrywherericefarmershavespentnearly50yearsinacomfortablecocoonofgovernmentprotection.

Intheexample（14）（15）themetaphorisinaphraseconsistingofthetenorsandthevehicleandthepreposition‘of’.Ontheotherhand,thevehicleandthetenoraretheappositive,thatis,‘happinessisthebloomorblight;governmentprotectionisacomfortablecocoon’.  

PattenIII:

verb