英语句法总结.docx
《英语句法总结.docx》由会员分享,可在线阅读,更多相关《英语句法总结.docx(21页珍藏版)》请在冰豆网上搜索。
英语句法总结
一、祈使句和感叹句
☺Nodoing!
(动名词或名次)
☺Nophotos!
☺Nosmoking!
祈使句的反意疑问句:
☺Let’sgotoschool,shellwe?
☺Letusgotocinema,willyou?
☺Lethimhavebreakfast,willyou?
几种变换句式:
☺Lovetheothers,andyouwillbeloved.
☻Ifyoulovetheothers,youwillbeloved.
☺Studyhard,oryouwillfallbehind.
☻1:
Ifyoudon’tstudyhard,youwillfallbehind.
☻2:
Ifyoustudyhard,youwillnotfallbehind.
二、宾语从句
宾语从句中的主语人称变化口诀:
一随主,二随宾,第三人称不更新
一随主:
☺Shesaid“Iwanttogowithme.”
☻Shesaidshewantedtogowithher.
二随宾:
从句中的主语及宾语是第二人称,或被第二人称所修饰,从句中的人称要跟引号外的主句的宾语一致。
如果引号外的主句没有宾语,也可以用第一人称。
☺HesaidtoKate“Howisyoursisternow?
”
☻HeaskedKatehowhersisterwasthen。
第三人称不更新:
☺MrSmithsaid“Jackisagoodworker。
”
☻MrSmithsaidJackwasagoodworker。
主句和从句的时态:
主过从必过!
★直接引语变间接引语时态不变的几种情况:
1.直接引语是客观真理
☺“Theearthmovesaroundthesunandthemoonmovesaroundtheearth”theteachertoldme。
☻Theteachertoldmetheearthmovesaroundthesunandthemoonmovesaroundtheearth。
2.直接引语是过去进行时,时态不变。
☺Jacksaid“John,wherewereyougoingwhenImetyouinthestreet?
”
☻JackaskedJohnwherehewasgoingwhenhemethiminthestreet。
3.直接引语中有具体的过去某年、某月、某日作状语,变为间接引语时,时态不变。
☺XiaoWangsaid“IwasbornonApril2l,1980.”
☻XiaoWangsaidhewasbornonApril20,1980.
4.直接引语如果是一般现在时。
表示一种反复出现或习惯性的动作,变间接引语,时态不变。
☺Hesaid“Igetupatsixeverymorning.”
☻Hesaidhegetsupatsixeverymorning.
5.如果直接引语中的情态动词没有过去时的形式(例:
oughtto,hadbetter,usedto)和已经是过去时的形式时,(例:
could,should,would,might)不再变。
☺Petersaid“Youhadbettercomethattoday.”
☻PetersaidIhadbettergotherethatday.
直接引语变间接引语,宾语从句中的状语和代词变换:
now-thentheday-thatdayyesterday-thedaybefore
this-thatthese-those
★如何变句型:
1.直接引语如果是陈述句,间接引语应改为由that引导的宾语从句。
☺Shesaid“Ourbuswillarriveinfiveminutes.”
☻Shesaidthattheirbuswouldarriveinfiveminutes.
2.直接引语如果是反义疑问句,选择疑问句或一般疑问句,间接引语应改为由whether或if引导的宾语从句。
☺Hesaid“Canyouswim,John?
”
☻HeaskedJohnif(whether)hecouldswim.
3.直接引语如果是特殊问句,间接引语应该改为由疑问代词或疑问副词引导的宾语从句(宾语从句必须用陈述句语序)。
☺Sheaskedme“Whendotheyhavetheirdinner?
”
☻Sheaskedmewhentheyhadtheirdinner.
4.直接引语如果是祈使句,间接引语应改为“tell(ask,order,beg等)sb(not)todosth.”句型(没有say)。
☺“Don’tmakeanynoise,”shesaidtothechildren.
☻Shetold(ordered)thechildrennottomakeanynoise.
5.直接引语如果是以“Let’s”开头的祈使句,变为间接引语时,通常用“suggest+动名词(或从句).”
☺Hesaid“Let’sgotothefilm.”
☻Hesuggestedgoingtothefilm.
☻Hesuggestedthattheyshouldgotothefilm.
6.如果直接引语中含有情态动词must,need,hadbetter以及情态动词的过去式could,might,should,would,在变为间接引语时,这些情态动词没有时态的改变。
☺Hesaid“IcouldswimwhenIwasonlysix.”
☻Hesaidthathecouldswimwhenhewasonlysix.
否定前置:
1.主句是第一人称I/We。
2.谓语动词think,believe,feel,guess,expect,suppose等表示“观点、信念、推测、臆测”等心理活动时,常常使用这种结构。
3.否定要否定主句,即否定前置
4.变反义疑问句,反义“从句”,若主句有否定,要先还原到“从句”。
☺Ithinkheisright,isn’the?
☺Idon’tthinkheisright,ishe?
下列情况不适用否定前置:
1.主句的主语是第二人称或第三人称。
☺Hethinkswecan'tgetthereontime.
2.主句的谓语动词用于一般现在时以外的时态。
☺Ithoughtshedidn'tfinishherhomework.
3.主句的谓语前有do,does,did表示强调时。
☺Wedothinkourteamwon'tfailinthegame.
4.宾语从句中有no,nothing,no,one,nobody,none,hardly,seldom,never,few,little等半否定词时。
☺Ithinkit'snevertoolatetomend(修理).
★宾语从句的缩写:
☺PleasetellmewhatIshoulddo.
☻Pleasetellmewhattodo.
★形容词修饰不定代词要后置:
☺Somethingimportant
常见问题
问人口:
☺Howmanypeoplearetherein……?
☺What’sthepopulationof……?
三、反意疑问句
1.定“be动词/助动词/情态动词”(看前面陈述句)
Tomlikesplayingfootball,doesn’the?
2.定肯否
前肯后否,前否后肯
陷阱一:
①no和not的变形词:
hardly,never,little,few
②本身否定含有No:
none,nothing,nobody
☺Thereislittlewaterintheglass,isthere?
陷阱二:
否定性前后缀不起作用:
unhappy,dislike,unfriendly
☺Tomisunhappy,isn’the?
★too……to……不起否定作用
☺Heistootiredtogetupthismorning,isn’the?
3.定主语
口诀:
主语随前句,全用代词替。
☺Thetwinscametochinalastyear,didn’tthey?
★反意疑问句的陈述部分为Iam……时,
问句部分习惯上用aren’tI?
☺Iamaveryhonestman,aren’tI?
★特殊情况
1.祈使句
☺John,readthearticleforus,willyou?
(注意逗号)
2.感叹句
☺Whatafineday(itis),isn’tit?
☺Whatbeautifulflowerstheyhave,don’tthey?
特殊情况
3.Therebe句型:
反义疑问部分必须为be动词+there
☺Therearesomeapplesinthebasket,arethere
☺Thereisn'tanymilkleft,isthere?
4.否定前置:
反意从句,否定还原
☺Idon’tthinkyouarelazy,areyou?
5.不定代词做主语:
★口诀:
物用it人用they
☺Everyoneishere,aren’tthey?
☺Everythingisready,isn’tit?
6.定回答
☺----LucycomesfromEngland,doesn’tshe?
----Yes,shedoes,Butshelivesinchinanow.
☺----Lucyisn’tateacher,isn’tshe?
----Yes,sheis,SheteachesEnglishinaschool.
----No,sheisn’t,Sheworksinshospital.
★need的用法:
Doyouthink的回答:
Doyouthink……?
含have的反意疑问句
四、被动语态
被动语态的各种时态:
1.Theroomisairedeveryday.
2.Theroomwasairedyesterday.
3.Theroomwillbeairedin10minutes.
4.Theroomisbeingairednow.
5.Theroomhasbeenairedalready.
时态常用标志词:
1.一般现在时:
often、usually、always、sometimes、everyday、inthemorning(afternoon…)、onSundays,onceaweek
2.一般将来时:
tomorrow、nextweek、thismonth、inanhour、thedayaftertomorrow
3.一般过去时:
yesterday、lastweek、threedaysago、thedaybeforeyesterday,in1990
4.现在进行时:
now、Look!
Listen!
It’ssixo’clock…
5.过去进行时:
atsixyesterdaymorning、from7to9yesterdaymorning、thistimeyesterday
6.现在完成时:
have/has+动词过去分词
already(“已经”用于肯定句的中间和末尾处)
never(“从不”用于中间处)
ever(“曾经”用于疑问句和肯定句的中间处)
just(“刚刚”用于中间处)
yet(“已经”用于疑问句的末尾处/“还”用于否定句
的末尾处)
7.过去完成时:
过去的过去。
before,bytheendoflastyear(term,month…)
8.过去将来时:
从过去某个时间看将来发生的动作。
通常在宾语从句中出现,主句为过去时。
★被动语态的三个考点:
★被动语态恢复To:
★不用被动的动词:
1.五感动词:
tastelooksmellsoundfeel
尝看闻听感觉
☺Theflowerslookbeatiful.
☺yourvoicesoundssweet.
☺Thedishtastesverywell.
★五大天王(不用被动语态):
beginhappentakeplacebreakoutbelongto
开始发生发生暴发属于
☺Greatchangeshavetakenplaceinzhengzhou.
☺Thispianobelongstome.
★动词后无宾语,说明被提前做主语,用被动。
☺Thechildrenshouldbetakencareof.
五、定语从句
一、定语从句定义:
1.由一个句子来充当定语
2.被修饰的词叫“先行词”
3.连接主句和从句的词叫“关系词”。
二、考点:
定“关系词”
关系代词:
who,whom,which,whose
关系副词:
when,where,why
★what不是关系词!
★关系词作宾语可以省略,做主语不能省略。
1.TheboywhositsnexttoTomisPeter.
2.Liuqianisamagicianwho/whom/空Iwanttoseebest.
3.Haibaoisthemascot(吉祥物)oftheworldEXPOwhichisholdinShanghai.
4.ArabianNightsisoneofthebookswhich/空children
likebest.
5.Thegirlwho/whom/空wemetyesterdayisauniversitystudent.
6.Thisistheperson/manwhowrotetoyou.
★that做主语或宾语:
可代替who,whom,which,但介词后不能用
★只用that的情况:
①先行词有人又有物
☺Doyouknowthepersonsandthethingsthattheyaretalkingabout?
②当先行词被形容词最高级、theonly、thevery、thelast等修饰
☺ThisisthebestfilmthatIhaveeverseen.
☺Thisistheonlythingthatwecandonow.
③当先行词被序数词修饰
☺Tomisalwaysthefirststudentthatarrivesschool.
④不定代词做先行词
☺YoushoulddoeverythingthatItoldyou.
☺Everythingthatyouaskedtodoisright.
★不定代词:
every,some,any,never,none
口语时,不定代词指人,有时用who/whom。
★whose:
在定语从句中做定语,后跟名词
☺Thisisthegirlwhoseparentsareengineers.
☺ThemascotwhosenameisHaiBaoislovely.
4.when,where,why:
在定语从句中做状语
☺October.1stisthedaywhenthePRCwasfounded(建立).
☺ThemodernschoolistheplacewhereteacherFunnywork.
☺Doyouknowthereasonwhyheissotired.
★宾语和状语的判断
翻译成汉语,如果有“在”,就是状语,没有就是宾语。
☺Thisisthefactorywhich/that/空wevisitedlastweek.
☺Thisisthefactorywheremybrotherworks.
Mybrotherworksinthefactory.
我哥哥工作在那个工厂。
☺August.8.2008isthedaywhich/空wecan’tforget.
☺August.8.2008isthedaywhenthe29thOlympicsbegan.
The29tholympicbeganat(on)August.8.2008.
29届奥运会在2008年8月8日开幕。
★宾语和状语的判断
☺Thisisthefactorywheremybrotherworks.
=Thisisthefactorywhichmybrotherworksin.
where=inwhich
☺August.8.2008isthedaywhenthe29thlympicsbegan.
=August.8.2008isthedaywhichthe29thlympicsbeganon.
when=onwhich
☺ThepersonwhoistalkingwithTomismynewteacher.
☺ThepersonwhomTomistalkingwithismynewteacher.
☺Thisisthegirlofwhomyoushouldtakecare.
六、主谓一致
1.不定代词作主语
口诀:
不定代词作主语,谓语动词用三单,除了bothandall。
☺Eitherofstreetsislinedbytreesandflowers.
☺Bothofstreetsarelinedbytreesandflowers.
ehtherof和bothof后面的名词都用复数。
2.动名词和不定式做主语
☺Playingbadmintonismyhobby.
☺TolearnEnglishiseasy.
☺ReadingbooksandwatchingTVaremyhobbies.
3.morethan……:
多于,不止
☺Morethanonepeoplehastriedtopersuademetogiveupsmoking.
☺Morethantwofriendshavecars.
☺Morethanoneworkerisgoingtolosetheirjob.
★morethanone+单n=manya+单n----许多
☺Manystudentsarediscussingtheproblem.
☺Manyastudentisdiscussingtheproblem.
4.形式复数,实际单数
形复实单:
maths,theArabianNights,news,politics,
时间,金钱,距离。
☺Threehoursisenoughforustogetthere.
5.冠词
thedead
theliving
therich
thepoor
thesick
死人
活人
富人
穷人
病人
theyoung
theold
thedisabled
theblind
年轻人
老人
残疾人
盲人
☺TheBlacksarewatchingTVnow.
☺Thegoodarehappy.
6.团队的词确定单复数
复数
单数
family
家人
家庭
class
同学
班级
team
队员
队
club
成员
俱乐部
group
组员
组
☺Myfamilyisverysmall.
☺Myfamilyarehavinglunchnow.
★7.就近原则
★谓语于最靠近的名词(代词)保持一致。
☺Eitheryouorheisright.
☺Eitherheoryouareright.
☺Bothyouandheareright.
☺Bothheandyouareright.
★bothAandB:
两者都……,不适用就近原则。
★用and连接的单数主语,前面有each,every,no,manya,
morethana等修饰,谓语动词用单数形式。
☺Noboyandnogirllikesit.
☺Notonlythechildenbutalsotheirfatherlikesplayingcomputergames.
☺Notonlytheirfatherbutalsothechildenlikeplayingcomputergames.
8.成双成套的词
trousers
pants
shorts
glasses
gloves
compasses
裤子
裤子
短裤
眼镜
手套
圆规
Theglassesareonyournose.
Thispairofglassesismine.
Thistwopairsofshoesaremine.
9.分数、百分数,数量
和后面的名词保持一致:
☺Therestofthewaterisdirty.
☺Therestoftheapplesarered.
10.介词短语后置
介词短语后置不起作用,谓语动词的单复数只看主语。
谓语动词只看主语
☺Thetea