期末考试英语复习.docx

期末考试英语复习.docx

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期末考试英语复习

期末考试英语复习

Test1Passageone

Peoplecanbeaddictedtodifferentthings—e.g.,alcohol,drugs,certainfoods,oreventelevision.Peoplewhohavesuchanaddictionarecompulsive（强迫性的）：

i.e.,theyhaveaverypowerfulpsychologicalneedthattheyfeeltheymustsatisfy.Accordingtopsychologists,manypeoplearecompulsivespenders.Theyfeelthattheymustspendmoney.Thiscompulsion,likemostothers,isirrational—impossibletoexplainreasonably.Forcompulsivespenderswhobuyoncredit（赊欠）,chargeaccounts（赊购账户）,areevenmoreexcitingthanmoney.Inotherwords,compulsivespendersfeelthatwithcredittheycandoanything.Theirpleasureinspendingenormousamountsisactuallygreaterthanthepleasurethattheygetfromthethingstheybuy.

Thereisevenaspecialpsychologyofbargain（特价商品）hunting.Tosavemoney,ofcourse,mostpeoplelookforsales,lowprices,anddiscounts.Compulsivebargainhunters,however,oftenbuythingsthattheydon’tneedjustbecausetheyarecheap.Theywanttobelievethattheyarehelpingtheirbudgets,buttheyarereallyplayinganexcitinggame.Whentheycanbuysomethingforlessthanotherpeople,theyfeeltheyarewinning.Mostpeople,expertsclaim,havetworeasonsfortheirbehavior:

agoodreasonforthethingstheydoandtherealreason.

Itisnotonlyscientists,ofcourse,whounderstandthepsychologyofspendinghabits,butalsobusinesspeople.Stores,companiesandadvertisersusepsychologytoincreasebusiness:

Theyconsiderpeople’sneedsforlove,power,orinfluence,theirbasicvalues,theirbeliefsandopinions,andsoonintheiradvertisingandsalesmethod.

Psychologistsoftenuseamethodcalled“behaviortherapy”（疗法）tohelpindividualssolvetheirpersonalityproblems.Inthesameway,theycanhelppeoplewhofeelthattheyhaveproblemswithmoney.

1.Accordingtothepsychologists,acompulsivespenderisonewhospendslargeamountsofmoney.

C）justtomeethisorherstrongpsychologicalneed

2.Accordingtotheauthor,compulsivebargainhuntersareinconstantsearchofthelowestpossibleprices.

D）buttheyseldomadmittheyfeelsatisfiediftheycangetthingsforlessthanothers

3.Whichofthefollowingistrue?

.

B）Businesspeopleandadvertiserscanusethepsychologyofmoneytoincreasesales.

4.Thearticleismainlyabout.

A）thepsychologyofmoney-spendinghabits

5.Fromthepassagewemaysafelyconcludethatcompulsivespendersorcompulsivebargainhunters.

B）needspecialtreatment

Passagetwo

Overthepast600years,Englishhasgrownfromalanguageoffewspeakerstobecomethedominantlanguageofinternationalcommunication.Englishasweknowittodayemergedaround1350,afterhavingincorporatedmanyelementsofFrenchthatwereintroducedfollowingtheNormaninvasionof1066.Untilthe1600s,Englishwas,forthemostpart,spokenonlyinEnglandandhadnotextendedevenasfarasWales,Scotland,orIreland.However,duringthecourseofthenexttwocenturies,Englishbegantospreadaroundtheglobeasaresultofexploration,trade（includingslavetrade）,colonizationandmissionarywork.Thus,smallenclaves（聚居地）ofEnglishspeakersbecameestablishedandgrewinvariouspartsoftheworld.Asthesecommunitiesproliferated,Englishgraduallybecametheprimarylanguageofinternationalbusiness,banking,anddiplomacy.

Thencamethe20thcenturyanditsburstoftechnology.Suddenlypeopleweretalkingacrossoceans,flyingacrosscontinents,hearingbroadcaststhatreverberatedaroundtheplanet.Languagespreadfasterthanever.TheworldwarscarriedAmericanandBritishsoldiersaroundtheworld,pollinatingEnglishastheywent.WhenWorldWarⅡended,theEnglishlanguagewasbarreling（高速行驶）forwardontheshouldersofAmericancapitalism---McDonald’sandCoca-Cola,RamboandMTV,munitions（军火）andcomputertechnology.

Currently,about80percentoftheinformationstoredoncomputersystemsworldwideisinEnglish.Two-thirdsoftheworld’ssciencewritingisinEnglish,andEnglishisthemainlanguageoftechnology,advertising,media,internationalairports,andairtrafficcontrollers.Todaytherearemorethan700millionEnglishusersintheworld,andoverhalfofthesearenon-nativespeakers,constitutingthelargestnumberofnon-nativeusersthananyotherlanguageintheworld.

1.Whatisthemaintopicofthispassage?

A）TheexpansionofEnglishasaninternationallanguage.

2.ApproximatelywhendidEnglishbegintobeusedbeyondEngland?

D）After1600.

3.Asusedinthesecondparagraph,theword“pollinating”ismostsimilarinmeaningto.

D）“disseminating”

4.Accordingtothepassage,allofthefollowingcontributedtothespreadofEnglisharoundtheworldEXCEPT.

B）theNormaninvasion

5.Accordingtothispassage,approximatelyhowmanynon-nativeusersofEnglisharethereintheworldtoday?

C）350million

Test3Passageone

TheWestinghouseScienceTalentSearch,themostprestigioushighschoolsciencecontestinthenation,waslaunchedtoidentifyyoungscientifictalent,andithasbeendoingsowithremarkableprecisionsince1941.Everyyear,approximately1,700studentsfromaroundthecountrypolishoffprojectstheyhavebeenworkingonforaslongastwoyears,andsendinareporttothecontestofficials.Simplyenteringthecontestisanimpressiveachievementforahighschooljunior.Itmeansthatthestudenthasspenthundredsofhoursprobingascientificquestionortestingatheoryaboutwhichhehaswrittenascientificpaperofnear-professionalquality.Thetop300studentsbecomesemifinals,andfromthisgroup,40areselectedtobringtheirprojectstoWashington.Tenprojectsarethenselectedasthebestinthefinalroundofjudging.The40finalistsgetatleast$1,000fortheireffort,andthetopstudentreceivesa$40,000scholarship.Mostofthewinners,fromsemifinalsup,areguaranteedadmissiontothecollegeoftheirchoice.

Fromtheverystart,thiscontestwasdifferentfromtraditionalsciencefair.Itsgoalwasnotsimplytochoosethebestprojectbuttolocatethebestpotentialscientists.Thedistinctionisanimportantone.Thecontesthasanumberoffeaturesthattestthemettleofthestudentsaswellastheprojects.Itendeavorstoexplorethenimblenessandoriginalityofthemindsbehindtheprojects,ratherthanjustrewardingtheboldnessoftheexperiment.Thecontest’sunderlyingphilosophyisthatstudentsdiscovertheirscientifictalentsbyworkingonscience,notbylisteningtolecturesinaclassroom.

1.TheWestinghouseScienceTalentSearchis.

C）arespectedhighschoolsciencecontestintheU.S.

2.Accordingtothepassage,theaimoftheWestinghouseScienceTalentSearchhasalwaysbeen.

A）todiscoveryoungscientifictalents

3.TheWestinghouseScienceTalentSearchdiffersfromtraditionalsciencecontestsinthat.

D）itintendstofindthebestpotentialscientists

4.Itcanbeconcludedfromthepassagethat.

B）theparticipantsintheWestinghouseSearchdiscoverandexploittheirtalentsbydevelopingtheirownscientificprojects

5.Itcanbeinferredfromthepassagethattheauthortakesa

attitudetowardstheWestinghouseScienceTalentSearch.

A）positive

Passagetwo

Astudyofarthistorymightbeagoodwaytolearnmoreaboutaculturethanispossibletolearningeneralhistoryclasses.Mosttypicalhistorycoursesconcentrateonpolitics,economics,andwar.Butarthistoryfocusesonmuchmorethanthisbecauseartreflectsnotonlythepoliticalvaluesofapeople,butalsoreligiousbeliefs,emotions,andpsychology.Inaddition,informationaboutthedailyactivitiesofourancestors–orofpeopleverydifferentfromourowncanbeprovidedbyart.Inshort,artexpressestheessentialqualitiesofatimeandaplace,andastudyofitclearlyoffersusadeeperunderstandingthancanbefoundinmosthistorybooks.

Inhistorybooks,objectiveinformationaboutthepoliticallifeofacountryispresented:

thatis,factsaboutpoliticsaregiven,butopinionsarenotexpressed.Art,ontheotherhand,issubjective:

itreflectsemotionsandopinions.ThegreatSpanishpainterFranciscoGoyawasperhapsthefirsttruly“political”artist.Inhiswell-knownpaintingTheThirdofMay,1808,hecriticizedtheSpanishgovernmentforitsmisuseofpoweroverpeople.Overahundredyearslater,symbolicimageswereusedinPabloPicasso’sGuernicatoexpressthehorrorofwar.Meanwhile,onanothercontinent,thepowerfulpaintingsofDiegoRivera,JoseClementeOrozco,andDavidAlfaroSiqueiros–aswellastheworksofAlfredoRamosMartinez–depictedtheseMexicanartists’deepangerandsadnessaboutsocialproblems.

Inthesameway,artcanreflectaculture’sreligiousbeliefs.ForhundredsofyearsinEurope,religiousartwasalmosttheonlytypeofartthatexisted.ChurchesandotherreligiousbuildingswerefilledwithpaintingsthatdepictedpeopleandstoriesfromtheBible.Althoughmostpeoplecouldn’tread,theycouldstillunderstandbiblicalstoriesinthepicturesonchurchwalls.Bycontrast,oneofthemaincharacteristicsofartintheMiddleEastwas（andstillis）itsabsenceofhumanandanimalimages.ThisreflectstheIslamic（伊斯兰教）beliefthatstatuesareunholy.

1.Morecanbelearnedaboutaculturefromastudyofarthistorythangeneralhistorybecausearthistory.

D）alloftheabove

2.Artissubjectiveinthat.

A）apersonalandemotionalviewofhistoryispresentedthroughit

3.Whichofthefollowingstatementsistrueaccordingtothepassage?

D）IntheMiddleEasteventodayyoucanhardlyfindanyhumanandanimalfiguresonpalacesorotherbuildings.

4.Thepassagemainlydiscusses.

A）thedifferencebetweengener