托福考试真题阅读TPO26reading阅读.docx

托福考试真题阅读TPO26reading阅读.docx

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托福考试真题阅读TPO26reading阅读

EnergyandtheIndustrialRevolution

Foryearshistorianshavesoughttoidentifycrucialelementsintheeighteenth-centuryriseinindustry,technology,andeconomicpowerKnownastheIndustrialRevolution,andmanygiveprominencetotheproblemofenergy.Untiltheeighteenthcentury,peoplereliedonenergyderivedfromplantsaswellasanimalandhumanmuscletoprovidepowerIncreasedefficiencyintheuseofwaterandwindhelpedwithsuchtasksaspumping,milling,orsailing.However,bytheeighteenthcentury,GreatBritaininparticularwasexperiencinganenergyshortage.Wood,theprimarysourceofheatforhomesandindustriesandalsousedintheironindustryasprocessedcharcoal,wasdiminishinginsupply.GreatBritainhadlargeamountsofcoal;however,therewerenotyetefficientmeansbywhichtoproducemechanicalenergyortopowermachinery.Thiswastooccurwithprogressinthedevelopmentofthesteamengine.

Inthelate1700sJamesWattdesignedanefficientandcommerciallyviablesteamenginethatwassoonappliedtoavarietyofindustrialusesasitbecamecheapertouse.Theenginehelpedsolvetheproblemofdrainingcoalminesofgroundwaterandincreasedtheproductionofcoalneededtopowersteamengineselsewhere.Arotaryengineattachedtothesteamengineenabledshaftstobeturnedandmachinestobedriven,resultinginmills

usingsteampowertospinandweavecotton.Sincethesteamenginewasfiredbycoal,thelargemillsdidnotneedtobelocatedbyrivers,ashadmillsthatusedwater-drivenmachines.Theshifttoincreasedmechanizationincottonproductionisapparentintheimportofrawcottonandthesaleofcottongoods.Between1760and1850,theamountofrawcottonimportedincreased230times.ProductionofBritishcottongoodsincreasedsixtyfold,andcottonclothbecameGreatBritain’smostimportantproduct,accountingforone-halfofallexports.Thesuccessofthesteamengineresultedinincreaseddemandsforcoal,andtheconsequentincreaseincoalproductionwasmadepossibleasthesteam-poweredpumpsdrainedwaterfromtheever-deepercoalseamsfoundbelowthewatertable.

Theavailabilityofsteampowerandthedemandsfornewmachinesfacilitatedthetransformationoftheironindustry.Charcoal,madefromwoodandthusinlimitedsupply,wasreplacedwithcoal-derivedcoke（substanceleftaftercoalisheated）assteam-drivenbellowscameintouseforproducingofrawiron.Impuritieswereburntawaywiththeuseofcoke,producingahigh-qualityrefinediron.Reducedcostwasalsoinstrumentalindevelopingsteam-poweredrollingmillscapableofproducingfinishedironofvariousshapesandsizes.Theresultingboomintheironindustryexpandedtheannualironoutputbymorethan170timesbetween1740and1840,andbythe1850sGreatBritainwasproducingmoretonsofironthantherestoftheworldcombined.Thedevelopmentsintheironindustrywereinpartaresponsetothedemandformoremachinesandtheever-wideninguseofhigher-qualityironinotherindustries.

Steampowerandironcombinedtorevolutionizetransport,whichinturnhadfurtherimplications.Improvementsinroadconstructionandsailinghadoccurred,butshippingheavyfreightoverlandremainedexpensive,evenwiththeuseofriversandcanalswhereverpossible.Parallelrailshadlongbeenusedinminingoperationstomovebiggerloads,buthorseswerestilltheprimarysourceofpower.■However,thearrivalofthesteamengineinitiatedacompletetransformationinrailtransportation,entrenchingandexpandingtheIndustrialRevolution.■Astransportationimproved,distantandlargermarketswithinthenationcouldbereached,therebyencouragingthedevelopmentoflargerfactoriestokeeppacewithincreasingsales.■Greaterproductivityandrisingdemandsprovidedentrepreneurswithprofitsthatcouldbereinvestedtotakeadvantageofnewtechnologiestofurtherexpandcapacity,ortoseekalternativeinvestmentopportunities.■Also,theavailabilityofjobsinrailwayconstructionattractedmanyrurallaborersaccustomedtoseasonalandtemporaryemployment.Whentheworkwascompleted,manymovedtootherconstructionjobsortofactoryworkincitiesandtowns,wheretheybecamepartofanexpandingworkingclass.

Q1:

Whydoestheauthorprovidetheinformationthat“GreatBritainhadlargeamountsofcoal”?

A.TorejecttheclaimthatBritainwasfacinganenergyshortageintheeighteenthcentury

B.Toexplainwhycoalratherthanotherenergyresourcesbecametheprimarysourceofheatforhomesandindustriesineighteenth-centuryBritain

C.ToindicatethatBritain’senergyshortagewasnottheresultofalackoffuel

D.Toexplainwhycoalminingbecameanimportantindustryinnineteenth-century

Q2:

Whatwas“theproblemofenergy"thathadtobesolvedtomaketheIndustrialRevolutionoftheeighteenthcenturypossible?

A.Waterandwindcouldnotbeusedefficiently.

B.Therewasnoefficientwaytopowermachinery.

C.Steamenginesrequiredlargeamountsofcoal,whichwasinshortsupply.

D.Neitherhumansnoranimalswerestrongenoughtoprovidethepowerrequiredforindustrialapplication.

Q3:

WhichofthefollowingisNOTmentionedinparagraph2asadevelopmentincottonmillsbroughtaboutbyWatt’ssteamengine?

A.TheimportingofhugequantitiesofrawcottonbyBritain

B.Increasedmechanization

C.Morepossibilitiesformilllocation

D.Smallermills

Q4:

Thephrase“apparentin”inthepassageisclosestinmeaningto

A.clearlyseenin

B.aidedby

C.associatedwith

D.followedby

Q5:

Accordingtoparagraph2,whatwasBritain’smostimportantexportby1850?

A.Rawcotton

B.Cottoncloth

C.Steam-poweredpumps

D.Coal

Q6:

Theword“consequent”inthepassageisclosestinmeaningto

A.resulting

B.encouraging

C.welldocumented

D.immediate

Q7:

Whatistheroleofparagraph2inthepassageasawhole?

A.Itexplainshowbyincreasingthesupplyofrawmaterialsfromothercountries,Britishindustrieswereabletoreducecostsandincreaseproduction.

B.ItexplainshowtheproductionofmechanicalenergyanditsbenefitsspreadquicklyacrosscountriesthatwerelinkedcommerciallywithGreatBritain.

C.ItdemonstrateswhydevelopmentsinasingleindustrycouldnothavecausedtheIndustrialRevolution.

D.ItillustrateswhyhistorianshaveassignedgreatimportancetotheissueofenergyintheriseoftheIndustrialRevolution.

Q8:

Accordingtoparagraph3,whywastheuseofcokeimportantfortheironindustry?

A.Ithelpedmakewoodintocharcoal.

B.Itreducedthedependencyonsteam-poweredmachinesusedfortheproductionofiron.

C.Itreplacedcharcoalintheproductionofrawandrefinediron.

D.Itpoweredthemachinesusedtoextractcoalin

coalmines.

Q9:

Accordingtoparagraph3,allofthefollowingweretrueoftheironindustryinGreatBritainduringthe1800sEXCEPT:

A.Steam-drivenbellowswereusedtoproducerawiron.

B.Bythe1850sBritainwastheworld’slargestproducerofiron.

C.Steam-poweredmillsmadeitpossibletoproduceironofdifferentshapesandsizes.

D.Greaterdemandforhigher-qualityironincreaseditsprice.

Q10:

Theword“initiated”inthepassageisclosestinmeaningto

A.anticipated

B.accelerated

C.spread

D.started

Q11:

Paragraph4implieswhichofthefollowingaboutthetransformationinrailtransportation?

A.Becauserailwayconstructionemployedmostlyrurallaborers,unemploymentincreasedamongurbanworkers.

B.Itresultedinmoretradewithinthecountry,butlesstradewithmarketsthatcouldbereachedonlybyoceanshipping.

C.Itmadeshippingfreightoverlandtodistantmarketslessexpensive.

D.Itresultedinhigherwagesforfactoryworkers.

Q12:

Thephrase“accustomedto"inthepassageisclosestinmeaningto

A.inneedof

B.usedto

C.tiredof

D.encouragedby

Q13:

Lookatthefoursquares[■]thatindicatewherethefollowingsentencecouldbeaddedtothepassage.

Thefirststeam-poweredlocomotiveswereslowbuttheyrapidlyimprovedinspeedandcarryingcapacity.

Wherewouldthesentencebestfit?

Clickonasquaretoaddthesentencetothepassage.

Q14:

Directions:

Anintroductorysentenceforabriefsummaryofthepassageisprovidedbelow.CompletethesummarybyselectingtheTHREEanswerchoicesthatexpressthemostimportantideasinthepassage.Somesentencesdonotbelonginthesummarybecausetheyexpressideasthatarenotpresentedinthepassageorareminorideasinthepassage.Thisquestionisworth2points.

ThecomingoftheIndustrialRevolutionineighteenth-centuryBritaindependedonthedevelopmentofthesteamenginetopowermachinery.

A.Foryears,historiansdisregardedtheissueofenergyasamajorelementintheriseoftheIndustrialRevolutionandfocusedinsteadontechnologicaldevelopmentsandincreasedproduction.

B.Theintroductionandgrowthofsteam-poweredrailtransportwasamajorfactorinBritain'seconomicexpansionduringtheIndustrialRevolution.

C.AnexpansionoftheIndustrialRevolutionoutsideGreatBritainoccurredwhenBritishindustriesbegantoimportrawcottonandhigh-qualityiron.

D.By1850,theuseofsteampowerinBritain'smills,mines,andironindustrymadeBritainaworldleaderintheproductionofcottonclothandiron.

E.Sincethebasicinfrastructurewasinplace,theIndustrialRevolutionfueleditselfwithenlarging

marketsrequiringevermoreexpansionoffactoriesandworkforce.

F.Bytheendofthe1800s,railwayconstructionattractedsomanylaborersthatfactoriescouldnotfindenoughworkerstokeepupwithincreasingsales.

SurvivalofPlantsandAnimalsinDesertConditions

Theharshconditionsindesertsareint