英语语法精要.docx

英语语法精要.docx

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英语语法精要

英语四六级翻译—语法精要

Ⅰ动词（时态,语态,用法,省略,一致性等）

时态

1）现在完成进行时态（have/hasbeen+-ing分词构成）:

动作或状态从过去某时开始,继续到现在,可能继续下去,也可能刚刚结束.

I’vebeenwritinglettersforanhour.

I’vebeensittinginthegarden.

2）过去完成进行时（由hadbeen+ing分词构成）:

过去某个时刻以前一直在进行的动作

I’dbeenworkingforsometimewhenhecalled.

Wehadbeenwaitingforherfortwohoursbythetimeshecame.

3）将来完成进行时:

将来某个时刻以前一直在进行的动作.

Bynextsummer,hewillhavebeenworkingherefortwentyyears.

Inanothermonth’stimeshe’llhavebeenstudyinghereforthreeyears.

4）将来完成时（由shall/willhave+过去分词构成）:

将来某时会业已发生的事.

Ishallhavefinishedthisonebeforelunch.

They’llhavehittheyear’stargetbytheendofOctober.

语态

可以有两种被动结构的类型,例如:

Hewassaidtobejealousofhersuccess.

Itwassaidthathewasjealousofhersuccess.

能同时适用于上述两个句型的主动词通常都是表示“估计”,“相信”等意义的动词,常见的有assume,believe,expect,fear,feel,know,presume,report,say,suppose,understand等.

Itissupposedthattheshiphasbeensunk.

Theshipissupposedtohavebeensunk.

担当besupposedto与不定式的一般形式搭配时往往表示不同的意义.例如:

Whyareyoudrivingsofastinthisarea?

Youaresupposedtoknowthespeedtoknowthespeedlimit.（你应该晓得速度限制）

双宾语及宾补结构的被动语态

双宾语结构的被动语态:

双宾语结构变为被动语态时,可以把主动结构中的一个宾语变为主语,另一个宾语仍然保留在谓语后面,但多数是把间接宾语变为主语.

Hewasaskedanumberofquestionsatthepressconference.

Twodayswereallowedthemformakingthenecessarypreparations.

宾补结构的被动语态:

ShewascalledBigSisterbyeverybody.

Thenhewasmadeasquadleader.

Hewasconsideredquitequalifiedforthejob.

Theroomwasalwayskeptcleanandtidy.

一致

如果主语是单数,尽管后面跟有with,togetherwith,aswellas,asmuchas,nolessthan,morethan等引导的短语,谓语动词仍旧用单数形式.

Terry,alongwithherfriend,goesskatingeverySaturday.

Anexpert,togetherwithsomeassistants,wassenttohelpinthiswork.

Thecaptain,aswellasthecoaches,wasdisappointedintheteam.

代词作主语时的一致

each,either,neither和由some,any,no,every构成的复合代词,都作单数看待.

Eachofushassomethingtosay.

Iseverybodyready?

Somebodyisusingthephone.

Neitherofushasgonethroughregulartraining.

Haseitherofthemtoldyou?

some,few,both,many等作复数

some可后接复数,也可接单数,表示某一.

none作复数看待时较多,但也有时作单数看待,主要看说话人脑中联系想到的是复数还是单数概念,但none在代表不可数的东西时总是看作单数:

Noneofthebooksareeasyenoughforus

Noneofusseemtohavethoughtofit.

None（=notasingleone）ofushasgotacamera.

None（=nobody）hasfeltitmorekeenlythanshedid.

Noneofthisworriesme.

all和most可后接复数,也可接不可数名词（allofthe…,mostofthe…）,动词用单数.

由and或both…and连接名词词组时,后用复数;由notonly…but（also）,either…or,neither…nor或or连接的并列主语,谓语通常和最邻近的主语一致.

Notonlytheswitchesbutalsotheoldwritinghasbeenchanged.

Mysisterormybrotherislikelytobeathome.

EitheryouorMrYangistodothework.

NeithermywifenorImyselfamabletopersuademydaughtertochangehermind.

如果一个句子是由there或here引导,而主语又不止一个,谓语通常也和最邻近的那个主语一致.

Therewascarvedintheboardadragonandaphoenix.

Hereisapen,afewenvelopesandsomepaperforyou.

people,police,cattle,poultry（家禽）,militia（民兵）等通常都用作复数.

Cattlearegrazingonthepasture.

Thepolicearelookingforhim.

有些集体名词有时作单数看待,有时作复数看待,主要根据意思来决定.

Hisfamilyisn’tverylarge.

Hisfamilyareallmusiclovers.

Thecommitteemeetstwiceamonth.

Thecommitteearedividedinopinion.

Theaudiencewasenormous.

Theaudienceweregreatlymovedatthewords.

有些名词单复数同形,可根据意思决定谓语动词的数:

Thisnewseriesisbeginningnextmonth.

Thesenewseriesarebeginningnextmonth.

Thisspeciesisnowextinct.

Thesespeciesarenowextinct.

表示时间,重量,长度,价值等的名词,尽管仍是复数形式,如果作整体看待,动词也可用单数形式（当然用复数动词也是可以的）:

Threeweekswasallowedformakingthenecessarypreparations.

Onehundredliwascoveredinasinglenight.

其他问题

书名,国家名用单数:

TalesfromShakespeareisabookbyCharlesLamb.

学科名,如mathematics,economics用单数.

manya或morethanone所修饰的词作主语时,谓语动词多用单数形式:

Manyapersonhashadthatkindofexperience.

Morethanonepersonhasinvolvedinthecase.

anumberof后接复数,thenumberof后接单数:

Anumberofbookshavebeenpublishedonthesubject.

Thenumberofbookspublishedonthesubjectissimplyamazing.

oneofthose后用单数.在“oneof+复数名词+关系分句”结构中，关系分句中谓语动词的单复数形式在一般情况下有两形式，一是根据先行词采用复数形式：

Joanisoneofthosepeoplewhogooutoftheirwaytobehelpful.

当one之前友theonly等限定词和修饰语时，关系分句谓语动词根据one而定，即采用单数形式：

Heistheonlyoneofthoseboyswhoiswillingtotakeonanotherassignment.

Ⅱ非谓语动词

不定式

形式

主动形式

被动形式

一般式

todo

tobedone

完成式

tohavedone

tohavebeendone

进行式

tobedoing

完成进行式

tohavebeendoing

完成式:

不定式的一般形式所表示的动作,通常与主要谓语表示的动作（状态）同时（或几乎同时）发生,或是在它之后发生.假如不定式所表示的动作,在谓语所表示的动作（状态）之前发生,就要用不定式的完成式.

Iamgladtohaveseenyourmother（=IamgladIhaveseenyourmother）.

（比较:

Iamgladtoseeyou.）

Heissaidtohavewrittenanewbookaboutworkers.

Hepretendednottohaveseenme.

进行式:

如果主要谓语表示的动作（状态）发生时,不定式表示的动作正在进行,这时要用不定式的进行式.

Youarenotsupposedtobeworking.Youhaven’tquiterecoveredyet.

Wedidn’texpectyoutobewaitingforushere.

Hepretendedtobelisteningattentively.

完成进行式:

在谓语所表示的时间之前一直进行的动作,就要用不定式的完成进行式.

Thestrugglewasknowntohavebeengoingfortwentyyears.

Wearehappytohavebeenworkingwithyou.

被动式:

当不定式的逻辑上的主语是不定式所表示的动作的承受者时,不定式一般要用被动形式.

Itisanhonourformetobeaskedtospeakhere.

Shehatedtobeflattered.

Hewantedthelettertobetypedatonce.

Thisisboundtobefoundout.

Therearealotofthingstobedone.

Shewastooyoungtobeassignedsuchwork.

功用:

不定式可以作主语（a）,宾语（b）,表语（c）,定语（d）或是状语（e）.

a.Toscoldherwouldnotbejust.

b.Weareplanningtobuildareservoirhere.

c.Oneofourmaintasksnowistomechanizeagriculture.

d.Doyouhaveanythingtodeclare?

e.Wehavecometolearnfromyou.

不带to的不定式:

在“动词+宾语+不定式”结构中,如果动词是表示感觉意义的see,hear,watch,smell,feel,notice等,或是表示“致使”意义的have,make,let等,其后的不定式结构不带to.

Johnmadehertellhimeverything.

这类结构转换为被动语态时,后面的不带to的不定式一般还原为带to的不定式.

Shewasmadetotellhimeverything.

在hadbetter,hadbest,wouldrather,wouldsooner,wouldjustassoon,might（just）aswell,cannotbut等搭配之后,动词不定式也不带to.

I’drathernothaveeggsandbaconforbreakfast.

Theycannotbutaccepthisterm.

在makedo,makebelieve,letdrop,letfall,letfly,letslip,letdrive,letgoof,lettherebe,hearsay,heartell,leavegoof等固定搭配中,用不带to的动词不定式.

Johnletflyatorrentofabuseatme.

I’veheardtellofhim.

在动词help（或help+宾语）之后可用不带to的不定式,也可用带to的不定式.

CanIhelp（to）liftthisheavybox?

在介词except,but之后,如果其前有动词do的某种形式,不定式一般不带to,反之带to.

Thereisnothingtodoexceptwaittillitstopsraining.

Smithwilldoanythingbutworkonafarm.

There’snochoicebuttowaittillitstopsraining.

连词ratherthan,soonerthan置于句首时,其后的不定式不带to.

Ratherthanpushthebookbackashewantedtodo,heforcedhimselftopickitup.

出现在句中其他位置时,其后的不定式有时带to,有时不带to.

Hedecidedtowriteratherthantelephone.

Themanagerbelievesitisimportanttoinvestinnewmachineryratherthantoincreasewages.

用作补语的动词不定式,如果主语是由“all+关系分句”，“thing+关系分句”，“what分句”或“thing+不定式结构”等构成，并带有do的某种形式，这时，作为主语补语的不定式可以省to，也可以不省.

Whathewilldois（to）spoilthewholething.

Allyoudonowiscompletetheform

TheonlythingIcandonowisgoonbymyself.

Thethingtodonowisclearupthismess.

TheleastIcandoisdriveeverybodyelseclosertotheissue.

Ⅲ虚拟语气

that从句中:

wish,wouldrather（sooner）,hadbetter:

suggest,order,demand,propose,command,request,desire,insist等动词后的宾语从句:

Thecommanderorderedthatallcivilians（should）beevacuated.

itisdesired,itissuggested,itisrequested,itwasordered,itwasproposed,itisnecessary,itisimportant,ithasbeendecided等结构后的主语从句中.

Itwasarrangedthattheyleavethefollowingweek

Itwillbebetterthatwemeetsomeothertime.

suggestion,motion,proposal,order,recommendations,plan,idea等后面的表语从句和同位语从句:

Hissolerequirementis（was）thatthysystembeadjusted.

Ⅵ定语从句

限制和非限制性定语从句:

限制性定语从句是名词词组不可缺少的一个组成部分,去掉了会造成病句或意义不明确;非限制性定语从句属于补充说明性质,去掉了不会影响主要意义,通常用逗号与它的先行词分开.

Theboyswhowantedtoplayfootballweredisappointedwhenitrained.

Theboys,whowantedtoplayfootball,weredisappointedwhenitrained.

如果定语从句的先行词是专有名词,或是带有形容词性物主代词（my,his,etc）或形容词性指示代词（this,that,etc）作限定词,其后的定语从句通常都是非限制性的:

MarySmith,whoisinthecorner,wantstomeetyou.

Hermother,whohadlongsufferedformarthritis,diedlastnight.

Allthesebooks,whichhavebeendonatedbyvisitingprofessors,aretobeusedbythepostgraduates.

在非限制性定语从句中只能用who/whom指人,用which指物,通常不用that替代.

Myfather,whohadbeenonavisittoAmerica,returnedyesterday.

Allthebooks,whichhadpicturesinthem,weresenttothelittlegirl.

定语从句的引导词

that,who,whom:

非限制性定语从句,如果修饰人,一般用who,有时用that（作主语时用who较多）.如果关系代词在从句中作宾语,就应当用宾格whom或that,但在大多数情况下都可以省略掉,在口语中可用who代替whom.

Hereistheman（whom）you’vebeenlookingfor.

Heisaman（that）youcansafelydependon.

Thepeople（who/that）youweretalkingtowereSwedes.

TherearesomepeopleherewhoIwantyoutomeet.

但在介词后只能用whom:

ThisisthemantowhomIreferred.

但在口语中一般都把介词放到句子后面去,这时可用that,但省略时更多一些.

Haveyoumetthepersonaboutwhomhewasspeaking?

Haveyoumettheperson（that）hewasspeakingabout

ThegirltowhomIspokeismycousin.

Thegirl（who/that）Ispoketoismycousin.

限制性定语从句如果修饰“物”,用关系代词that的时候较多,也有时用which..当这个代词在从句中是用作宾语时,在绝大多数情况下都是省略的,特别是口语中（尤其是当被修饰的词是all,everything等词时）:

Haveyoueverythingyouneed?

（Isthere）anythingIcandoforyou?

Allyouhavetodoistopressthebutton.

在介词后只能用which,在口语中一般都把介词放到从句后部去,这时可以用that,但省略的时候更多一些:

Thetoolwithwhichheisworkingiscalledawrench.

Thetool（that）heisworkingwithiscalledawrench.

Thisisthequestionaboutwhichwe’vehadsomuchdiscussion.

Thisisthequestion（that）we’vehadsomuchdiscussionabout.

定语从句一般是修饰名词或代词的,但间或也可以修饰整个句子a）,或是句子的一部分b）,引导词用which: