英美概况美国部分整理.docx
《英美概况美国部分整理.docx》由会员分享,可在线阅读,更多相关《英美概况美国部分整理.docx(26页珍藏版)》请在冰豆网上搜索。
英美概况美国部分整理
英美概况美国部分整理
America
ØTheFoundingofColonies殖民地的建立
FirstInhabitants:
AmericanIndians
DiscoveryoftheNewWorld:
1492ChristopherColumbus→thediscovererofAmerica
(Italian)SpanishQueen’ssupport
1501-2AmerigoVespucci→thenewlandwasnameafterhimasAmerica.
reachedthemouthofAmazonRiver
America—theNewWorld
Europe—theOldWorld
13colonies:
NewEnglandColonies:
MidAtlanticColonies:
SouthernColonies:
2.moreimmigrants
MaineandVermont
Reason:
Proximity(邻近)
Non-EnglishColonies
NewYork,NewJerseywerefirstcolonizedbytheDutch.
DelawarewasfoundedbytheSwedish.
Pennsylvania:
Quakers/theSocietyofFriends(anothergroupofEnglishProtestant)
WilliamPenn,thefounder
Grantedcolonies
MarylandgrantedbyCharlesItohisfriendLordBaltimoreasarefugeforEnglishCatholics.
SouthCarolinaandNorthCarolinagivenbyCharlesIItohiseightclosesupporters.
ThelastcolonyGeorgia
Ahaven(港口,避难所)forEnglishprisonersofdebtwhocouldnotdischargetheirdebts.
ØTheEarlyImmigrants最初的殖民与殖民生活
WhiteAnglo-SaxonProtestants(WASPs)
Reasonstoimmigrate:
1.religiousdisputes(persecuteCatholicsandProtestants)
2.tobecomerichintheNewWorld(Protestantworkethic)
3.poormenasindenturedservants(契约劳工)
4.convicts
Americanculture:
AblendingofEuropeancultures,butnotameretransplantation.
Newvalues:
1.newideasandreforms
2.adaptations:
lessformalandmorepractical;lessconservativeandmoreoutspoken
3.industrious
4.elasticity(弹性,灵活性),tolerance,compromise
5.religionasaprivateaffair
6.libertyanddemocracy
ØBostonTeaParty波士顿倾茶事件
RelationbetweenEnglandandColonies
Economic:
supplyEnglandwithrawmaterialswhileimportinggoodsmanufacturedinEngland.
England←Rival;sevenyearswar(1756-1763)→France
ProtectionMakeuseofIndianstoattackeachother
↓
EnglishcoloniesinAmerica←attack→Indians
波士顿倾茶事件
Cause:
EnglandallowtheEastIndiaCompanytoundersellteawithoutpayingimporttaxinthecolonies.
Place&Time:
December16,1773,Bostonharbor
英国惩罚措施IntolerableActs:
asktopaytealoss;todepriveself-rule
Result:
Thispolicyarousedthecolonialoppositionandtheydeclared“notaxationwithoutrepresentation”.
ØTwoContinentalCongresses两次大陆会议
1stContinentalCongress
Sept.5,1774inPhiladelphia
Delegatesfrom12coloniesexceptGeorgia
Document:
DeclarationofRightsandGrievances《权利和不满宣言》
RejectedbytheBritishParliament
Colonialmilitiamenwereorganized.
Thefirstarmedclash(莱克星顿的枪声——导火索)
April19,1775;GunshotsatthevillageLexington,nearBoston
2ndContinentalCongress
May10,1775inPhiladelphia,IndependenceHall
OrganizeandequipanAmericanarmy
AppointingGeorgeWashingtonascommander-in-chief
Askforhelpfromothercountries,esp.France
Publicsupport:
1776,ThomasPainepublishedCommonSenseandTheAmericanCrisis
ØDeclarationofIndependence独立宣言
Duringthe2ndContinentalCongress
——Acommittee,(composedofThomasJefferson,BenjaminFranklin,JohnAdamandothermembers)
TodrawuptheDeclarationofIndependence.
ItwasdraftedbyThomasJeffersononJuly4th,1776(IndependenceDay/theNationalDayoftheUS)
wasamilestoneinAmericanhistory.
ItisremarkableinthatitapproachestheproblemofAmericanindependencefromtheangleofhumanrights.
“Weholdthesetruthstobeself-evident,thatallmenarecreatedequal,thattheyareendowedbytheirCreatorwithcertainunalienableRights,thatamongtheseareLife,LibertyandthepursuitofHappiness;thattosecuretheserights,governmentsareinstitutedamongmen,derivingtheirjustpowersfromtheconsentthegoverned;thatwheneveranyformofgovernmentbecomesdestructiveoftheseends,itistherightofthepeopletoalterortoabolishit,andtoinstituteanewgovernment...”
---DeclarationofIndependence,draftedbyThomasJefferson,BenjaminFranklin,JohnAdams,etc..
来源和评价:
Amasterpieceofwesternphilosophy;mainlycomesfromtheBritishphilosopherJohnLocke
equalityandfreedom
universal;beyondAmericanboundaries
ØMilitaryStruggleandtheFinalVictory战争经过和最后胜利
EnglandVSAmerica战前实力对比
EnglandAmerica
population:
10m.3million
mostadvancednotdeveloped
strongestnavynone
Highmorale
--Americans:
highmoralebutrepeatedsetbacks
Difficulties:
1.noteverycolonistsupporttherevolution:
loyalistssuchasbigmerchantsandbankers
2.theContinentalCongresscannotpasslawsanditdidnothaveanexecutivebranchtocarryoutthedecisions
3.lackmoney
4.eachcolonyismoreconcernedaboutdefendingitselfthangainingindependenceasawhole
5.lackthestrengthtofightagainsttheBritisharmy.
Turningpointandthevictories
1.Surpriseattacks游击战
2.Franklin’sdiplomaticactivitiestoobtainforeignaids,suchasaidsfromFrance,SpainandHolland.
3.Frenchvolunteers:
e.g.Lafayette
Lastvictory:
DecisivebattleatYorktownledbyWashington
OnOct.19,1781,BritishgeneralCornwallis(康沃利斯)surrendered.
ThefinalpeacetreatyTheTreatyofParisin1783acknowledgedtheAmericanIndependence.
(Thefinalpeacetreatywassignedin1782andwentineffectin1783)
ØConstitutionalConvention制宪会议
AmericaFollowingIndependence
newproblems
1)howtomakeuseofthenewterritory
--allowthefoundingofnewstates[equalityanddemocracy]
2)notverycloselyunited
--13separatestatesratherthanaunitedcountry
3)economicdifficulties
--tradeproblemwithBritain
--debtsbecauseoftheIndependanceWar
--increasingtaxandShays’RebellioninMassachusetts
TheneedforanewGovernmentwasfelt
——May25,1787,55delegatesfromallstatesexceptRhodeIslandattendedtheConstitutionalConventioninPhiladelphia.
Noeasywork:
theNorthvstheSouth
theupperclassvslowerclass
stategovernmentvscentralgovernment
ThedraftofConstitution--completedonSeptember17,1787--ConstitutionalDayoftheUS
TheFatheroftheConstitution:
JamesMadison
BillofRights(1789):
10amendmentstotheConstitution
freedomofreligion,
freedomofspeechandthepress,
therightofpeacefulassemblyandpetition,
therighttokeepandbeararms,
therightagainstunreasonablesearchesandseizures,
therightagainstself-incrimination(自证其罪)---therightforeveryonetorefusetogivewitnessagainsthimselfinanycriminalcase.
---adefenselineagainstviolationsofhumanrights
政治体制见另一张
ØTerritorialExpansion领土扩张
WashingtonastheFirstPresident华盛顿执政期间
April6,1789,WashingtonwaselectedastheFirstPresidentbyaunanimousvoteinNewYork(provisionalcapital)
1)successintransformingthestatesintoaunion
2)Economywitnesseddevelopment
"thefirstmaninwar,thefirstmaninpeace”
WaystoExpand四种领土扩张方式
Purchase:
LouisianaPurchase,GadsdenPurchase,AlaskaPurchase,etc
War:
MexicanWar,IndependenceWar,SpanishCessions,etc.
Annexation:
MexicanAnnexation,HawaiiAnnexation,etc.
WestwardMovement
JeffersonandthePurchaseofLouisiana杰斐逊执政期间
---thirdUSPresidentin1801
---emphasizeddevelopmentofagricultureandcommerce
---favoredthewestwardexpansion
LouisianaPurchase,1803
其意义:
1.doubledtheterritoryofUSandmakepossiblefurtherexpansion
2.puttheMississippiRiversystemunderthecompletecontroloftheUS
1)stimulatetheagriculturalandindustrialdevelopmentoftheMidwest
2)appearanceoflargecitiesasChicagoandKansasCities
TheMexicanWar(1846-1848)过程
--AmericaclaimedTexas,usedtobepartofthegreatSpanishColony,wasincludedinthepurchaseofLouisiana.
--In1836,self-declarationofindependenceofTexaswithmanyAmericanSettlersfromMexico
--1846,TheMexicanWarbrokebutfinallyanunequaltreatywasforcedonMexico.
ØWestwardMovement西进运动
Expansiontothewest(endof18th-firsthalfof19thcentury)
reasontomove:
1.smallforincreasedpopulation
2.notsatisfiedwiththepresentlife
3.Americanfrontiersmen拓荒者
Themostoutstandingofallthewestwardmigrationtookplaceafterthewarof1812,thereweremany
contributingfactors:
--thewar1812drovethenativeIndians
--theFederalgovernmentbuiltroadsandcanals
--TheMississippiRiveropenedandsteamboatwasinventedin1807.
--governmentpolicy:
landforsale
--theHomesteadAct宅地法(1862PresidentLincoln)
Cities:
SanFrancisco,Portland,Denver
Thesignificanceandimportance西进运动的重要性和影响
--Frontiersmen'sInfluence
Positive:
onPolitics:
---Frontiersmenaspresidents;Jackson,LincolnandGrant
Expandedterritoryandincreasedpopulationlaidthefoundationforaglobalpower.
OnEconomics
fastdevelopmentofagriculture
foodsurplusfortrade
contributiontoindustrialization
Ontransportationandurbanization
OnAmericancharacterandvalue
---dashanddaring,readytorunrisksandaggressive
---learnmanyskillsandself-reliance,self-discipline
---farmersandhunters,poorlowerclass;sonotpayattentiontosocialbackground
---hardwork:
"workfreaks",and"workaddicts"
---rough,pragmaticandlessrefined,honest
Negative:
TrailofTearsofIndians
ØThebeginningofSlaveryinAmerica美国奴隶制起源
Reason:
laborshortageinthecolonies
Time:
firstin1619toplanttobacco
Method:
thetriangulartrade:
carriedoutbytheslavetradersmainlyfromtheNewEnglandbycapturingNegrosinwestAfrica
developmentandchange:
--declinedafterIndependenceWar
--revivedwhentheAmericanIndustrialRevolutionbeganinlate18thcentury.
--By1860,3millionNegroslaves;1/3oftheSouthernpopulation
ØAmericanCivilWar南北战争/美国内战
ConflictsarisingfromSlavery
Reasons:
--Economically,northdemandedtheCongresstopasstheprotectivetarifflaw
--Politically,wes