一个英语生的文学导论课笔记.docx

一个英语生的文学导论课笔记.docx

《一个英语生的文学导论课笔记.docx》由会员分享，可在线阅读，更多相关《一个英语生的文学导论课笔记.docx（51页珍藏版）》请在冰豆网上搜索。

一个英语生的文学导论课笔记

Anintroductiontoliterature

Literature

一、Whatisliterature

LiteraturecomesfromLatin"litterae",meaning"letter"inEnglish.

Thewordliteratureliterallymeans"acquaintancewithletters"andtheterm"letters"issometimesusedtosignify"literature,"asinthefiguresofspeech"artsandletters"and"manofletters."

Generalmeanings

①publishedwritingsinaparticularstyleonaparticularsubject（publications,books,brochuresandsoon）

②creativewritingofrecognizedartisticvalue（artisticandliterarywritings）

③theprofessionorartofawriter（vocation）

④thehumanisticstudyofabodyofliterature（subject）

⑤musicalproduct

⑥knowledgeorlearning

⑦reading（supplementaryliterature）

ACrazyAct

Literatureisaboutwritinginaparticularcountryofaperiod,allovertheworldingeneral.

Literatureisawritingwhichhasclaimedtoconsiderundergroundofbeautyofform,andemotionaleffect.（Aestheticism）

Literatureisallthewritingsthathavepermanentvalue,excellentformandgreatemotionaleffect.

Literatureisawritinghavingexcellenceofformorexpression,andexpressingideasofpermanenceofuniversalinterest.（criticalmind）

Adevelopingterm.

Aestheticism

Aestheticism（ortheAestheticMovement）wasa19thcenturyEuropeanartmovementthatemphasizedaestheticvaluesmorethansocio-politicalthemesforliterature,fineart,thedecorativearts,andinteriordesign.

Generally,itrepresentsthesametendenciesthatsymbolismordecadencerepresentedinFrance,andmaybeconsideredtheBritishversionofthesamestyle.

Itwaspartoftheanti-19thcenturyreactionandhadpost-Romanticorigins,andassuchanticipatesmodernism.Itwasafeatureofthelate19thcenturyfromabout1868toabout1900.

TheartistsandwritersofAestheticstyleusedtheslogan"ArtforArt'sSake"（艺术是纯粹的）,tendedtoprofessthattheArtsshouldproviderefinedsensuouspleasure,ratherthanconveymoralorsentimentalmessages.Instead,theybelievedthatArtdidnothaveanydidacticpurpose;itneedonlybebeautiful.

TheAesthetesdevelopedacultofbeauty,whichtheyconsideredthebasicfactorofart.LifeshouldcopyArt,theyasserted.Theyconsiderednatureascrudeandlackingindesignwhencomparedtoart.

InBritainthebestrepresentativeswereOscarWildeandAlgernonCharlesSwinburne,alsoincludingJohnKeatsandPercyByssheShelley,greatlyinfluencedbytheFrenchSymbolists.

OscarWilde（1856-1900）:

a.anIrishplaywright,anaestheteadvocating“artforart’ssake”.

b.Hislanguageisconcise,wittyandsharp.Hecriticizesthehypocrisyandcorruptionoftheupperclass.Hisattacksaremorelikejokes.

c.LadyWindermere’sFan,AWomanofNoImportance,AnIdealHusbandandTheImportanceofBeingEarnest

Adevelopingterm.

Whatisliterature

Thedefinitionof14thcentury:

Itmeanspolitelearningthroughreading.Amanofliteratureoramanofletters=amanofwidereading,“literacy”

Thedefinitionof18thcentury:

practiceandprofessionofwriting

Thedefinitionof19thcentury:

thehighskillsofwritinginthespecialcontextofhighimagination

RobertFrost’sdefinition:

performanceinwords

Moderndefinition:

Wecandefineliteratureaslanguageartisticallyusedtoachieveidentifiableliteraryqualitiesandtoconveymeaningfulmessages.Literatureischaracterizedbybeautyofexpressionandformandbyuniversalityintellectualandemotionalappeal.

DifferentIdeas

Literatureisimitation.

Literatureisfunction.

Literatureisanexpressionofemotions.（imagism意象派）

Literatureisliterature.（payattentiontoitsform）

Imagism

ItisaMovementinU.S.andEnglishpoetrycharacterizedbytheuseofconcretelanguageandfiguresofspeech,modernsubjectmatter,metricalfreedom,andavoidanceofromanticormysticalthemes,aimingatclarityofexpressionthroughtheuseofprecisevisualimages.

ItgrewoutoftheSymbolistMovementin1912andwasinitiallyledbyEzraPound,AmyLowell,andothers.

TheImagistmanifestocameoutin1912showedthreeImagistpoeticprinciples:

directtreatmentofthe“thing”（nofuss,frill,orornament）,exclusionofsuperfluouswords（precisionandeconomyofexpression）,therhythmofthemusicalphraseratherthanthesequenceofametronome（freeverseformandmusic）.

Pounddefinedanimageasthatwhichpresentsanintellectualandemotionalcomplexinaninstantoftime,andlaterheextendedthisdefinitionwhenhestatedthatanimagewas“avortexorclusteroffusedideas,endowedwithenergy.”

GenerallyanImagist’simagerepresentsamomentofrevealedtruth,truthrevealedbyaphysicalobjectpresentedandseenassuch.AnImagistpoem,therefore,oftencontainsasingledominantimage,oraquicksuccessionofrelatedimages.Itseffectismeanttobeinstantaneous.Forexample:

InaStationoftheMetro

Theapparitionofthesefacesinthecrowd;

Petalsonawet,blackbough.

人群中幽然浮现的一张张脸庞，

黝黑的湿树枝上的一片片花瓣。

Abouttheabovepoem:

The“Metro”istheundergroundrailwayofParis.Inthisbriefpoem,Poundusesthefewestpossiblewordstoconveyanaccurateimage,accordingtotheprinciplesofthe“Imagists”.

Hetriestorenderexactlyhisobservationofhumanfacesseeninanundergroundrailwaystation.Heseesthefaces,turnedvariouslytowardlightanddarkness,likeflowerpetalswhicharehalfabsorbedby,halfresisting,thewet,darktextureofabough.

Theword“apparition”,withitsdoublemeaning,bindsthetwoaspectsoftheobservationtogether:

Apparitionmeaning“appearance”,inthesenseofsomethingwhichappears,orshowsup;somethingwhichcanbeclearlyobserved.

Apparitionmeaningsomethingwhichseemsrealbutperhapsisnotreal;somethingghostlywhichcannotbeclearlyobserved.

ThisisperhapsthemostfamouspoemwrittenbyEzraPound.

Life:

BorninIdahoin1885andraisedinPennsylvania,EzraPoundspentmostofhislifeinEuropeandbecameoneofthe20thcentury'smostinfluential--andcontroversial--poetsintheEnglishlanguage.

Poundwasundoubtedlyagenius.Beforehegraduatedfromuniversity,hehadmastered9languagesaswellasEnglishgrammarandliterature.AftercollegeinPennsylvaniaandabriefstintasateacher,in1908PoundtravelledtoVeniceandthentoLondon,whereherefinedhisaestheticsensibilitiesandeditedtheanthologyDesImagistes（1914）.

PoundchampionedthelikesofT.S.Eliot,WilliamCarlosWilliamsandJamesJoyceand,influencedbyChineseandJapanesepoetry,advocatedfreemeterandamoreeconomicaluseofwordsandimagesinpoeticexpression,leadingtheImagistMovementofpoetry.

HemovedtoParisin1920andgotacquaintedwithGertrudeSteinandhercircleoffriends（whichincludedErnestHemingwayandPabloPicasso）,thensettledinItalyin1924.

EnamoredwithBenitoMussolini,Poundmadeanti-AmericanradiobroadcastsduringWorldWarII.Hewasarrestedasatraitorin1945andinitiallyconfinedinPisa.Hewasthensenttothe.,wherehewasdeemedmentallyunfittostandtrialfortreason.

Poundwasconfinedfor12yearsinahospital（actuallyprison）forthecriminallyinsaneinWashington.DuringthistimehetranslatedworksofancientGreekandancientChineseliterature.Whileinprison,hewasawardedaprestigiouspoetryprizein1949forhislastCantos.

In1958hereturnedtoItaly,wherehecontinuedtowriteandmaketranslationsuntilhediedin1972.

2.Hisworks:

Poundwrote70booksandover1500articlesinhislife.

HismajorworkofpoetryisTheCantos,alongpoemwhichhewroteinsectionsbetween1915and1945.

3.Hismasterpiece:

TheCantos

Inthispoem,hetracestheriseandfallofeasternandwesternempires,thedestructioncausedbygreedandmaterialism.

HedeploresthecorruptionofAmericaaftertheheroictimeofJefferson,

Thelastpart,producedfromhisownsuffering,isthemostmoving.

ThereexistedgreatinfluenceofChinesepoetryontheImagistmovement.ImagistsfoundvalueinChinesepoetrywasbecauseChinesepoetryis,byvirtueoftheideographicandpictographicnatureoftheChineselanguage,essentiallyimagisticpoetry.

《天净沙·秋思》

马致远

枯藤、老树、昏鸦，小桥、流水、人家，

古道、西风、瘦马，夕阳西下，断肠人在天涯。

Autumn

Eveningcrowsperchonoldtreeswreathedwithwitheredvine,

Waterofastreamflowsbyafamilycottagenearatinybridge.

Aleanhorsewalksonanancientroadinwesternbreeze,

Thesunissettinginthewest,

Theheart-brokenoneisattheendoftheEarth.

二、Whyshouldwestudyliterature

Itcannourishouremotionallife.

Itcanbroadenpeople'sperspectivesontheworldandofferthemknowledgeintheformofinformation.

Itcanhelppeopletoescapefromreality.

Fornothingbuttheaestheticpleasureofobservinggoodartistryform.

Itcanhelpstudentstowriteapaperorpassanexamination.

三、Howtostudyliterature

Literatureisnotliterature.

HistoricalPerspectives:

Biographical-HistoricalandMoral-Philosophical.（DiverseTypesofHistoricisms:

includingFeminist,SociologicalorMarxianStudiesofLanguage,LiteratureandTranslation）

StructuralistPerspectives:

LookingforSystematicDeepStructuresbothinFormandContent.（Semiotics,TGGrammar,Systematic/FunctionalGrammar,Narratology,Freudianpsycho-analysis,RussianFormalism,Anglo-AmericanNewCriticism,Archetypalism,MythCriticism,StructuralMarxism,Ideology）

PoststructuralistorPostmodernPerspectives:

DeconstructingStructuringBinaries（NoClearDistinctionbetweenFormandContent）[PostmodernFeminism,Postcolonialism,PostmodernNarratologies,NewHistoricism,IdeologicalStudies,DiscourseAnalysis,ReceptionTheories,TraumaStudies,Trans-AtlanticStudies,Transnationalism,Eco-criticism,CulturalPathology,andotherPostmodernisms]

1.TheTraditional