英语词汇学整理文稿.docx

英语词汇学整理文稿.docx

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英语词汇学整理文稿

Chapter1AGeneralSurveyofAWord

Definition

“词，今指语言组织中的基础单位，能独立运用，具有声音、意义和语法功能。

”《辞海》1984（上），375页，上海辞书出版社。

Awordisafundamentalunitofspeechandaminimumfreeform;withaunityofsoundandmeaning（bothlexicalandgrammaticalmeaning）,capableofperformingagivensyntacticfunction.

（英语语言学家威尔金斯（D.Wilkins）说过：

“没有语法，人们可以表达的事物寥寥无几；而没有词汇，人们则无法表达任何事物。

”

1.ThedevelopmentofEnglishvocabulary

Therelationshipisspecificandgenerallexicalitems.Wordisincludedinthevocabulary.

Vocabulary（morethan1,000,000）:

1/nativewords（Anglo-SaxonoriginorOldEnglish）;2/borrowedwords

ForstudentsofEnglishlexicology,theyshouldknowsomethingabout:

thehistoricaldevelopmentoftheEnglishvocabularyaswellasaboutitsrapidgrowthtoday.

A/ThestudyofthehistoricaldevelopmentoftheEnglishvocabularyshouldnotbetreatedinisolationfromthegrowthoftheEnglishlanguageitself.ThehistoryoftheEnglishlanguagebeginswiththeconquestandsettlementofwhatisnowEnglandbytheAngles,SaxonsandJutesfromabout450AD.ThelanguagetheyspokewasAnglo-Saxon.ThehistoryofEnglishlanguagecanbedividedinto3periods:

a/OldEnglishperiod（449—1100）ThisperiodofEnglishlanguageisknownasOldEnglishorAnglo—SaxonEnglish.ThevocabularyofOldEnglishcontains50-60thousandwords,whichconsistsofthebasicwordstock..

b/MiddleEnglishperiod（1100-1500）ThetransitionalperiodfromOldEnglishtoModernEnglishisknownasMiddleEnglish,whichischaracterizedbythestronginfluenceofFrenchfollowingtheNormanConquestin1066.

c/ModernEnglishperiod（1500--）TheEnglishlanguagefrom1500tothepresentiscalledModernEnglish.Intheearlystageofthisperiod（includingtheyearsbetween1500-1700）,theRenaissancebroughtgreatchangestothevocabulary.Inthisperiod,thestudyofclassicswerestressedandresultwasthewholesaleborrowingfromLatin.

B/Therapidgrowthofpresent-dayEnglishvocabulary（esp.aftertheWorldWarII）andthecauses.AftertheWorldWarII,neologismssweptinataratemuchfasterthanthatofthepre-warperiod.

Mainreasons:

①markedprogressofscienceandtechnology②socio-economic,politicalandculturalchanges③theinfluencefromotherculturesandlanguages

2.ClassificationofEnglishWordsAccordingtoDifferentCriteria

A.ByOrigin:

nativewordsandloan（borrowed）words

WordsofAnglo-SaxonoriginorofOldEnglisharenativewords,whilethoseborrowedfromotherlanguagesareloan/borrowedwords.

InEnglishlanguage,mostnativewordsinModernEnglisharemonosyllabic.TheyformthegreatmajorityofthebasicwordstockofEnglishlanguage.

Thefundamentalfeaturesofthebasicwordstockare:

1.Nationalcharacter2.Stability3.Word-formingability4.Abilitytoformcollocations

Sincethegreatmajorityofthebasicwordstockarenativewords,theyarenaturallytheonesusedmostfrequentlyineverydayspeechandwriting.

B.Bylevelofusage

1.Commonwords（P11）2.Literarywords（P12）a.Archaicwordsb.Poeticalwords

3.Colloquialwords4.Slangwords5.Technicalwords

C.Bynotion:

functionwordsandcontentwords（P17）

3.SoundandMeaningofaWord

2schoolsabouttherelationofsoundandmeaningofaword:

a/theNaturalists:

Theiropinionisthatthereisanintrinsiccorrespondencebetweensoundandmeaning.

b/theConventionalists:

withanopinionthattherelationbetweensoundandmeaningofawordisakindoflinguisticsocialcontract.

UsetheexamplesonP2toillustratetheopinionsofthe2schools.

LexicalandGrammaticalMeaningofaWord

•Thereisacloserelationbetweenlexicalandgrammaticalmeaningofaword;lexicalmeaningischangingwiththechangeingrammaticalmeaning.

MeaningandConceptofaWord:

Meaningiscloselyrelatedtoaconcept.Aconceptisthebaseofthemeaningofaword.Awordisusedtolabelaconcept.Itactsasthesymbolforthatconcept.Theconceptisabstractedfromtheperson,thing,relationship,idea,event,andsoon,thatwearethinkingabout.Wecallthisthereferent.Thewordlabelstheconcept,whichisabstractedfromthereferent;theworddenotesthereferent,butdoesnotlabelit.Theirrelationcanbediagrammedasfollows:

Word---Meaning（concept）---referent

词意义（概念）所指对象

Thisformulashowsthatthewordreferstothereferentthroughaconcept.

Aconceptisanabstractionfromthingsofthesamekind.

Notes:

1/词由一定的形式（发音与书写）

2/每个词都有一定的形式与概念，这两方面缺一不可，统一在每个词中。

3/词义与所指对象连接在一起---一方面，词义在客观世界中是有所指的，另一方面，词义又是客观世界中的某一（某些）事物在语言中的反映。

客观世界是无穷无尽，无限丰富的，客观世界中的事物之间存在着细微的千差万别，人类的语言是不能完完全全地准确反映客观世界。

Chapter2MorphologicalStructureofEnglishWords

I.Morpheme（形位，词素，语素）

1.Somebasicinformationaboutmorphemes

A.Amorphemeisthesmallestmeaningfullinguisticunitoflanguage,notdivisibleoranalyzableintosmallerforms.

AwordinEnglishmaybeanalyzableintooneormoremorphemes.

onemorpheme---------nationtwomorphemes--------nation-al

3morphemes---------nation-al-ize4 morphemes---------nation-al-iz-ation

morethan4morphemes--------de-nation-al-iz-ation

2.Amorphemeisalsoatwo-facetlanguageunitwhichpossessesbothsoundandmeaning.Itisthereforedifferentfromaphoneme（音素）,whichonlyconveyssounddistinction.Amorphemeisnotidenticalwithasyllable,either;sincethelatterhasnothingtodowithmeaning.Amorphememayberepresentedbyonesyllable,like‘boy’or‘child’,orbytwoormoresyllables,asin‘la-dy,croc-o-dile’.Oftenthesyllabicstructureofawordanditsmorphemicstructuredonotcorrespond（一致），asshownintheaboveexampleswhereamorphemeisrepresentedbymorethanonesyllable.Anothergoodexampleistheword‘dis-a-gree-a-ble’,whichconsistsof5syllablesagainst3morphemes‘dis-agree-able’.

3.Contentmorpheme,grammaticalmorphemeandallomorph（形位变体）

1.Afreemorphemeisonethatcanbeutteredalonewithmeaning.Itcanexistonitsownwithoutagrammaticalmorpheme.Afreemorphemeisawordinthetraditionalsense.Itservesastheroot.e.g.man,boy,read,write,red,doetc.

2.Agrammaticalmorphemecan’tstandbyitselfasacompleteutterance;itmustappearwithatleastoneothermorpheme,freeorbound（contentorgrammatical）.

e.g.un→unkind,ly→happily,ed→worked,s→dogs,es→boxes,re→receive（twoboundmorphemes）.Itservesasaffixes.

Morphemesmaybeclassifiedintofree（content）morphemesandbound（grammatical）morphemes.Arootisthebasicunchangeablepartofaword,anditconveysthemainlexicalmeaningoftheword.

e.g.work,worked,workable,works,worker,working.Therootineachwordhereis‘work’,whichisthebasicunchangeablepart,carryingthemainlexicalmeaning.Roots,therefore,arethecoresofEnglishwords,belongingtothebasicwordstock.

OpaquewordsTransparentwords

II.Allomorph（形位变体）

Anallomorphisanyofthevariantformsofamorphemeasconditionedbypositionoradjoining（相临的，毗邻的）sounds.（Webster’sNewWorldDictionaryofTheAmericanLanguage）.e.g.cats→beds→oranges

Fromtheexamplesabove,wecanseethat–shasthreedifferentphonologicalforms:

/s/,/z/,/iz/.Thesethreeformsarevariantsofthesamemorpheme–s.

Anothergroupofallomorphsare:

-tion→-ion→-sion→ation.Thisgroupshowsusthat–ion,-sion,-ationarethepositionalvariantsofthesamesuffix‘-tion’.Theydonotdifferinmeaningorfunctionbutshowaslightdifferenceinsounddependingonthefinalphonemeoftheprecedingverb;forinstance,verbsendingwiththesound/t/usuallytake–ion（asininvent–invention）,verbsendingwithconsonantsotherthan/t/take–tion（asindescribe→description）;verbsendingin–ifyand–izetake–ation（asinjustify→justification,ormodernize→modernization）;verbsendingin–d,-de,or–mittake–sion（asinexpand→expansion;decide→decision;omit→omission）.

Note:

Allomorphsalsooccuramongprefixes.Theirformthendependsonthefirstletterofthewordtowhichtheywillbeadded.

Aprefixlikeim-occursbeforep,b,orm（e.g.imperfect,imbalance,immobile）;itsallomorphsareir-（irresponsible）;il-beforetheletter‘l’（illogical）;in-beforeotherconsonantsandvowels（e.g.inflexible,inexpensive,inexperienced）;im-,ir-oril-arethusallomorphsofthemorphemein-.

III.RootsandAffixes

A.Arootisthebasicunchangeablepartofaword,anditconveysthemainlexicalmeaningoftheword.

Freeroot:

freemorpheme,whichcanstandaloneaswords.

Boundroot:

boundmorpheme,derivedfromforeignsources,butnotwordsinmodernEnglish.

B.Affixes:

Affixisacollectivetermforthetypeofformativethatcanbeusedonlywhenaddedtoanothermorpheme.

C.Typesofaffixes:

a）Inflectionalaffixes:

affixesexpressinggrammaticalmeaning.

b）Derivationalaffixes:

affixesaddedtoothermorphemetoderivenewword.

D.Subdivisionofderivationalaffixes

a）Accordingtotheirposition:

PrefixesSuffixes

b）Accordingtotheirorigin:

NativeaffixesForeignaffixes

Hybrids:

Ahybridisawordmadeupofelementsfromtwoormoredifferentlanguages.

c）Accordingtotheirproductivity:

Productive（living）affixesUnproductive（dead）affixes

E.Classificationofwordsonamorphemiclevel:

1）Simplewords:

wordsconsistingofasinglemorpheme.

2）Derivedwords:

wordsconsistingofafreemorphemeandone（ormorethanone）boundmorpheme.

3）Compoundwords:

wordscomposedoftwoormorefreemorphemes

F.Commonlyusedaffixes

1）“Negative”prefixes2）“Number”prefixes3）“All”prefixes4）“Position”prefixes5）“Sameordifferent”prefixes6）“Together”prefixes7）“Emphasis”prefixes

8）“Bigorsmall”prefixes9）“Verb”prefixes10）“Badorgood”prefixes

11）“Neworold”prefixes12）“Verb”suffixes