生物专业英语第三版蒋悟生编课文翻译.docx

生物专业英语第三版蒋悟生编课文翻译.docx

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生物专业英语第三版蒋悟生编课文翻译

生物专业英语第三版蒋悟生编--课文翻译

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运输小泡能够将可运输分子从内质网运输到高尔基复合体上。

在高尔基复合体中修饰，包装后输出细胞或传递到细胞质中的其他场所。

Vacuolesincellsappeartobehollowsacsbutareactuallyfilledwithfluidandsolublemolecules.Themostprominentvacuolesappearinplantcellsandserveaswaterreservoirsandstoragesitesforsugarsandothermolecules.Vacuolesinanimalcellscarryoutphagocytosis（theintakeofparticulatematter）andpinocytosis（vacuolardrinking）.

细胞中的液泡好象是中空的，但实际上充满了液体和可溶分子。

最典型的液泡存在于植物细胞中，储备水，糖以及其它分子。

动物中的液泡起吞噬和胞饮作用。

Asubsetofvacuolesaretheorganellesknownaslysosomes,whichcontaindigestiveenzymes（packagedinlysosomesintheGolgicomplex）thatcanbreakdownmostbiologicalmacromolecules.Theyacttodigestfoodparticlesandtodegradedamagedcellparts.

溶酶体是液泡亚单位，含有消化酶，降解大部分生物大分子。

消化食物微粒和降解损伤的细胞残片。

Mitochondriaarethesitesofenergy-yieldingchemicalreactionsinallcells.Inaddition,plantcellscontainplastidsthatutilizelightenergytomanufacturecarbohydratesintheprocessofphotosynthesis.ItisonthelargesurfaceareaprovidedbytheinnercristaeofmitochondriathatATP-generatingenzymesarelocated.Mitochondriaareself-replicating,andprobablytheyaretheevolutionarydescendantsofwhatwereoncefree-livingprokaryotes.

线粒体是细胞中化学产能的场所。

另外，植物细胞中的质体在光合作用中利用光能产生碳水化合物，线粒体内嵴上提供了很大的表面积并分布着产ATP酶。

线粒体自我复制，并且可能是自由生活的原核生物在进化中形成的后代。

Therearetwotypesofplastids:

leucoplasts,whichlackpigmentsandserveasstoragesitesforstarch,proteins,andoils;andchromoplasts,whichcontainpigments.Themostimportantchromoplastsarechloroplasts-organellesthatcontainthechlorophyllusedinphotosynthesis.Theinternalstructureofchloroplastsincludesstacksofmembranescalledgrana,whichareembeddedinamatrixcalledthestroma.

质体有两种类型：

白色体，缺乏色素，是淀粉，蛋白质和油的储备场所；色质体，含有色素。

叶绿体是最重要的色质体，含有与光合作用有关的叶绿素。

叶绿体的内部结构是由多层膜形成的叶绿体基粒，其中包埋在基质中的基粒称子座。

TheCytoskeleton（细胞骨架）

Alleukaryoticcellshaveacytoskeleton,whichisaconvolutedlatticeworkoffilamentsandtubulesthatappearstofillallavailablespaceinthecellandprovidessupportforvariousotherorganelles.Alargeportionofthecytoskeletonconsistsofthreadlikemicrofilamentscomposedmainlyofthecontractileproteinactin.Theyareinvolvedinmanytypesofintracellularmovementsinplantandanimalcells.Asecondprotein,myosin,isinvolveinthecontractionofmusclecells.Anothermainstructuralcomponentofthecytoskeletonconsistsofmicrotubules,whicharecomposedoftheglobularproteintubulinandtogetheractasscaffoldingthatprovidesastablecellshape.Cytoskeletalintermediatefilamentsappeartoimparttensilestrengthtothecellcytoplasm.Mechanoenzymessuchasmyosin,dynein,andkinesininteractwiththecytoskeletalfilamentsandtubulestogenerateforcesthatcausemovements.

所有的细胞都有细胞骨架，网络结构的纤丝充满了它所能触及的全部空间并且对细胞器提供支持作用。

细胞骨架大部分由微丝组成，微丝主要由可收缩的肌动蛋白组成。

动植物细胞的许多种类型细胞内运动与肌动蛋白有关。

第二类蛋白是肌球蛋白，它与肌肉细胞的收缩有关。

细胞骨架的另一个主要结构成分是微管，由球状的微管蛋白组成，象脚手架一般维持细胞的稳定形态。

细胞骨架的中间丝提供了细胞质伸缩动力。

机械酶，例如，肌球蛋白，动力蛋白，驱动蛋白与微丝，微管相互作用产生动力而引起细胞运动。

CellularMovements（细胞运动

Althoughthecytoskeletonprovidessomestability稳固tocells,itsmicrotubules

英[ˌmaikrəuˈtju:

bju:

l]andfilaments丝状物andtheirassociatedproteinsenablecellstomovebycreeping爬行orgliding滑动.Suchmovementsrequireasolid固体的substratetowhichthecellcanadhere附着andcanbeguidedbythegeometrydʒiˈɔmitri] 几何形状ofthesurface.Somecellsalsoexhibit[iɡˈzibit]展览chemotaxis,keməˈtæksis趋药性theabilitytomovetowardorawayfromthesourceofadiffusing扩散chemical.

尽管细胞骨架提供了细胞的某些稳定性，微丝，微管及相关蛋白能使细胞爬行或滑动。

这种运动需要固体基质依托并通过表面几何形状的改变而运动。

某些细胞具备趋药性，即趋向或逃离扩散开的化学源。

Certaineukaryoticcellscanswimfreelyinliquidenvironments,propelledbywhiplikecilia[ˈsiliə]纤毛orflagella英[fləˈdʒelə鞭毛.Bothciliaandflagellahavethesameinternalstructure:

ninedoublets（pairsofmicrotubules）arearrangedinaringandextendthelengthoftheciliumorflagellum,andtwomoremicrotubulesrundownthecenterofthering.Everyciliumorflagellumgrowsonlyfromthecellsurfacewhereabasalbody基体islocated.Movementisbasedontheactivitiesoftinydynein动力蛋白sidearmsthatextendfromoneofthemicrotubulesofeachdoublet成对的东西.

某些真核细胞能在液体液体中自由运动，由纤毛或鞭毛推动。

纤毛和鞭毛具有同样的内部结构：

九个双微管环形排列，纵向延伸，环中心是两个或以上微管组成。

纤毛或鞭毛从细胞表面的基体出生长，双微管的动力蛋白臂从一侧延伸到另一侧而引起运动。

Nutrients,proteins,andothermaterialswithinmostplantcellsaremovedaboutviacytoplasmicstreaming.Theprocessoccursasmyosinˈmaiəusin肌凝蛋白proteinsattachedtoorganelles细胞器,小器官pushagainstmicrofilamentsarrayed[əˈrei]展示throughoutthecell.Microfilamentsandmicrotubulesareresponsibleforalmostallmajorcytoplasmicmovements.Duringcelldivision,microtubulesofthespindleassembled集合,收集fromtubutinsubunitsnearorganellescalledcentriolesmovethechromosomes.

大部分植物细胞的营养，蛋白质和其它物质由细胞质流运输。

这个过程是由于依附在细胞器上的肌球蛋白反推排列在细胞周围的微丝形成的。

绝大部分细胞质运动由微丝和微管完成。

在细胞分裂期间，中心粒周围的由微管蛋白亚基装配形成的纺锤体微管移向染色体。

Glossary

cytoplasm（细）胞质

Thelivingcontentsofacellboundedexternallybytheplasmalemma,includinganaqueousgroundsubstance（hyaloplasm,cellsap,orcellmatrix）containingorganellesandvariousinclusionsbutexcludingthenucleusandvisiblevacuoles.

cytoskeleton细胞骨架

Ofeukaryoticcells,aninternal"skeleton".Itsmicrotubulesandothercomponentsstructurallysupportthecell,organizeandmoveitsinteftialcomponents.Thecytoskeletonalsohelpsfree-livingcellsmovethroughtheirenvironment.

nucleus细胞核，核（复数nuclei）

Theorganelleoftheeukaryotecellthatcontainsthechromosomesandhenceultimatelycontrolscellularactivityandinheritancethroughtheactivityofthegeneticmaterial,DNA

chromosome染色体

ADNA-histonethreadresidinginthenucleusofacell.Eachchromosomepossessestwotelomeresandacentromere,andsomecontainanucleolusorganizer.RNAproteinsareinvariablyassociatedwiththechromosome.

nucleoid拟核，类核，核质体

TheDNA-containingareaofaprokaryotecell,analogoustotheeukaryotenucleusbutnotmembranebounded.

nucleoli核仁（单数nucleolus）

Nuclearstructurescomposedofcompletedorpartiallycompletedribosomesandthespecificpartsofchromosomesthatcontaintheinfon-nationfortheirconstruction.

nuclearenvelope核膜，核被膜

Adoublemembrane（twolipidbilayersandassociatedproteins）thatistheoutermostportionofacellnucleus.

ribosome核糖体

Smallstructurescomposedoftwoproteinandribonucleicacidsubunitsinvolvedintheassemblyofproteinsfromaminoacids.

polysome多核糖体

Ofproteinsynthesis,severalribosomesalltranslatingthesamemessengerRNAmolecule,oneaftertheother.

endoplasmicreticulum内质网

Foldedmembranesandtubesthroughouttheeukaryoticcellthatprovidealargesurfaceuponwhichchemicalactivitiestakeplace.

Golgicomplex高尔基复合体

Astackofflattened,smooth,membranoussacs;thesiteofsynthesisandpackagingofcertainmoleculesineukaryoticcells.

vacuole液泡

Storagecontainerwithinthecytoplasmofacellhavingasurroundingmembrane.

phagocytosis吞噬作用

Theprocessbywhichthecellwrapsaroundaparticleandengulfsit.

pinocytosis胞饮作用

Theprocessbywhichacellengulfssomemoleculesdissolvedinwater

lysosome溶酶体

Aspecializedorganellethatholdsamixtureofhydrolyticenzymes.

mitochondrion线粒体（复数mitochondria）Amembranousorganelleresemblingasmallbagwithalargerbagresemblingasmallbagwithalargerbaginsidethatisfoldedbackonitself;servesasthesiteofaerobiccellularrespiration.

plastid质体

Anorganellepresentinallplantsexceptbacteria,blue-greenalgae,andfungi;itisenclosedbytwomembranes（theenvelope）andhasvariousfunctions

chloroplast叶绿体

Aplastidinwhichphotosynthesisiscarriedout.Chloroplastsoccurinallphotosyntheticorganismsexceptphotosyntheticbacteriablue-greenalgae.

stroma基质，子座（复数stromata）

Regionwithinachloroplastthathasnochlorophyll.

microfilament微丝，纤丝

Long,fiberlikestructuresmadeofproteinandfoundincells,oftenincloseassociationwiththemicrotubules;providestructuralsupportandenablemovement.

actin肌动蛋白

Aglobularcontractileprotein.Inmusclecells,actininteractswithanotherprotein,myosin,tobringaboutcontraction.

myosin['maiesin]肌球蛋白

Aproteinthat,withactin,constitutestheprincipalelementofthecontractileapparatusofmuscle.

microtubute微管

Small,hollowtubesofproteinthatfunctionthroughoutthecytoplasmtoprovidestructuralsupportandenablemovement.

tubulin微管蛋白

Aproteinthatisthemajorconstituentofmicrotubules.

dynein动力蛋白，动素

AgroupofatleastfourdistinctproteinsfoundintheflagellaandmicrotubulesofeukaryoticcellsandpossessingATPaseactivity.

chemotaxis趋化性

Alocomotorymovementofanorganismorcellinresponseto,anddirectedby,andirectionalstimulus.

cilia纤毛

Numerousshort,hairlikestructuresprojectingfromthecellsurfacethatenablelocomotion.

flagella鞭毛（单数flagellum）

Long,hairlikestructuresprojectingfromthecellsurfacethatenablelocomotion.

basalbody基体

Abodyidenticalinstructuretoacentriole,foundalwaysatthebaseofaciliumoreukaryoteflagellum.

centriole中心粒

Anorganellelocatedclosetothenucleusinmostanimalandlowerplantcellsbutabsentfromprokaryotesandhigherplants.

Photosynthesis

Photosynthesisoccursonlyinthechlorophyllchlorophyll叶绿素-containingcellsofgreenplants,algae藻,andcertainprotists原生生物andbacteria.Overall,itisaprocessthatconvertslightenergyintochemicalenergythatisstoredinthemolecularbonds.Fromthepointofviewofchemistryandenergetics,itistheoppositeofcellularrespiration.Whereas然而cellular细胞的respiration呼吸ishighlyexergonic吸收能量的andreleasesenergy,photosynthesis光合作用requiresenergyandishighlyendergonic.

光合作用只发生在含有叶绿素的绿色植物细胞，海藻，某些原生动物和细菌之中。

总体来说，这是一个将光能转化