牛津高中英语模块一语法整理.docx

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牛津高中英语模块一语法整理.docx

牛津高中英语模块一语法整理

牛津英语模块一语法

定语从句

(1)

1关系代词在定语从句中的使用

除了形容词,名词等作定语来修饰名词或代词,句子也可以作定语,我们称作定语的句子为定语从句。

先看这样的两个句子:

ThismanismyEnglishteacher.

Heisstandingatthedoor.

如果想把这两个句子合成一个句子,我们可将第二句转换成定语从句来修饰theman,即:

Themanthat/whoisstandingatthedoorismyEnglishteacher.

这个句子中,that/whoisstandingatthedoor充当了theman的定语,它就是定语从句;而被修饰的theman叫作先行词,that/who是关系代词。

2关系代词that,which,who,whom,whose的区别

(1)当先行词是‘人’时:

①关系代词在定语从句中作主语时,用that/who

Ishethemanwho/thattoldyouthenews

②关系代词在定语从句中作宾语时,用whom/that/who,也可以省略

Theboy(whom/that/who)Italkedtoyesterdayismybrother.

(2)当先行词是‘物’时:

可用关系代词that/which来充当主语或宾语

Thisisabookwhich/thattalksaboutgeography.

综上所述,that既可指‘人’,也可指‘物’,而which只可指‘物’,who/whom只可指‘人’;who/that/which都可作主语或宾语,而whom只能作宾语;whose在定语从句中必须放在一个名词前作定语

Thebookwhosecoverisredcan’tbefoundnow.

3只能用that引导定语从句的情况

(1)当先行词被序数词或形容词的最高级修饰时

ThisisthebestdictionarythatI’veeverused.

Thefirstthingthatyoushoulddoistoworkoutaplan.

(2)当先行词被all,some,any,no,little,much等修饰或者先行词为all,much,little,few,none,something,anything,everything,nothing等不定代词时

Allthatshelackedwastraining.

Shewouldneverdoanythingthatwasnotapprovedofbyherparents.

(3)当先行词既有人又有物时

Theytalkedaboutthepersonsandthingsthatmostimpressedthem.

(4)当先行词被thelast,theonly,thevery等修饰时

ThisistheonlyexamplethatIknow.

ThisisoneoftheverybooksthatIamlookingfor.

(5)当关系代词在定语从句中用作表语时,通常用that

Chinaisnotthecountry(that)itwas.

4引导定语从句的关系代词常用which不用that的情况

(1)关系代词前有介词或介词短语时

Galileobuiltatelescopethroughwhichhecouldstudythesky.

HereisthebookaboutwhichItoldyouyesterday,

(2)引导非限制性定语从句时

Football,whichisaveryinterestinggame,isplayedallovertheworld.

Theweatherturnedouttobeverygood,whichwasbetterthanwecouldexcept.

(3)当关系代词之后有插入语时

HereistheEnglishgrammarbookwhich,asI’vetoldyou,willhelpimproveyourEnglish.

Hewasalwaysspeakinghighlyofherroleintheplaywhich,ofcourse,madetheothersunhappy.

(4)先行词本身是that时

Thatwhichisevilissoonlearned.坏事易学。

Thatwhichiswelldoneistwicedone.一次做的好等于做两次。

5which和whose作定语时的区别

Which和whose都可以在定语从句中作定语,但是which一般只用在非限制性定语从句中,紧指物,并且要接一个对先行词起概括作用的泛指名词;‘whose+名词’与先行词不表示同一事物或情况

PeterspentthreeyearsinFrance,duringwhichtimehelearntFrench.

Thehousewhosewindowsarebrokenisunoccupied.窗子破了的那间房子没人住。

注意:

定语从句中‘whose+名词’=‘the+名词+ofwhom/which’

Theboy,whoseuncleisajudge,issingingunderthetree.

=Theboy,theuncleofwhomisajudge,issingingunderthetree.

Iboughtthebooklastyear,whosecoverisbroken.

=Iboughtthebooklastyear,thecoverofwhichisbroken.

6如何确定定语从句的引导词

下面两句话中的先行词都是day,但由于其在定语从句中充当的句子成分不同,定语从句的引导词也不同

I’llneverforgetthedays(which/that)wespenttogether.

我永远不会忘记我们一起度过的日子。

(先行词thedays在定语从句中充当及物动词spend的宾语,所以定语从句的引导词要用关系代词which/that)

I’llneverforgetthedaywhen(onwhich)Iarrivedhere.

我永远不会忘记我到这儿的日子。

(先行词theday在定语从句中作时间状语,所以定语从句的引导词要用关系副词when,或‘on+关系代词which’)

7关系代词的省略

在定语从句中,如果关系代词在定语从句中充当宾语,那么我们常常省略关系代词。

如果关系代词在定语从句中充当主语,则不可省略

Heistheperson(who/that)wearelookingfor.

他就是我们一直在找的那个人。

(从句中that/who作介词for的宾语,因此可以省略。

注意:

介词后面的关系代词不能省略,而且指人时用whom,指物是用which

Thepersonaboutwhomwearetalkingisourheadmaster.

我们正在谈论的那个人是我们的校长。

(whom在定语从句中作about的宾语,而且先行词theperson是指人,因此只能用whom)

Thecompanyatwhichmysisterworksisintheeastofthecity.

8定语从句中的主谓一致问题

(1)关系代词在定语从句中作主语时,定语从句中谓语动词在人称和数上通常和先行词保持一致

Allthatshinesisnotgold.发光的不一定是金子

(2)‘oneofthe+复数名词’作先行词时,定语从句中谓语动词和复数名词一致

Heisalsooneofthestudentswhogotothepark.

(3)‘theonly/very+oneofthe+复数名词’作先行词时,定语从句中谓语动词和one一致,用单数形式

Heistheonlyoneofthestudentswhogoestothepark.

9定语从句与同位语从句的区别

(1)从语法角度来看,引导同位语从句的that是连词,只起语法作用,在从句中不充当任何成分,如例

(1)中的that;而引导定语从句的that是关系代词,它除了起引导从句的语法作用外,还要在从句中充当句子成分,主要是作主语或宾语,如例

(2)中的that在从句中作动词told的宾语

(2)从先行词的词性来看,同位语从句的先行词大都为抽象名词,而定语从句的先行词可以是名词,也可以是代词

(3)从可否省略来看,同位语从句的that一般不可以省略,但是定语从句中的关系代词如果在从句中充当宾语,在非正式用语中常常可以省略

(1)WeweregreatlypleasedatthenewsthattheChinesewomen’svolleyballteamhadwonthematchagain.听到中国女排再次获胜的消息我们极为高兴。

(that引导同位语从句)

(2)Weweregreatlypleasedatthenewsthatourteacherhadtoldus.

听到老师告诉我们的消息我们感到很高兴

10定语从句与状语从句的区别

定语从句的关系词在从句中要作某种成分,因而从句成分不完整;而引导状语从句的连接词在句中不作任何成分,因此句子成分完整

Itissuchaninterestingbookaswealllike.(定语从句)

Itissuchaninterestingbookthatwealllikeit.(结果状语从句)

11定语从句与强调句型的区别

定语从句对名词或代词起修饰和限制作用,关系词可以是that,which,as,who,另一方面,句子中的It有所指代;而强调句型是对某部分加强语气,强调语气的连接词只能是that,who,并且句子中的It没有任何意义。

两种从句的判断一般比较明显,而有事就难以区别,需要根据上下文的语境来判断。

如下面一句话:

Itisabookthathewants.

此句究竟是强调句型还是定语从句,就要从语境上来判断。

如果它是用来回答Whatisthis/that这样的问题,意思就是:

它是一本他想要的书。

句子显然是定语从句。

如果是用来回答Whatdoeshewant这样的问题,那么意思就是:

他想要的是一本书。

显然,句子是强调句型。

【真题回放】

1()Theprizewillgotothewriterstoryshowsthemostimagination.

AthatBwhichCwhoseDwhat

2()You’llfindtaxiswaitingatthebusstationyoucanhiretoreachyourhostfamily.

AwhichBwhereCwhenDas

3()I’vebecomegoodfriendswithseveralofthestudentsinmyschoolImetintheEnglishspeechcontestlastyear.

AwhoBwhereCwhenDwhich

4()Theoldtownhasnarrowstreetsandsmallhousesarebuiltclosetoeachother.

AtheyBwhereCwhatDthat

5()That’sthenewmachinepartsaresmalltobeseen.

AthatBwhichCwhoseDwhat

6()Theoldtempleroofwasdamagedinstormisnowunderrepair.

AwhereBwhichCitsDwhose

7()Irefusetoaccepttheblameforsomethingwassomeoneelse’sfault.

AwhoBthatCasDwhat

8()Childrenwhoarenoactiveordietishighinfatwillgainweightquickly.

AwhatBwhoseCwhichDthat

9()InChina,thenumberofcitiesisincreasingdevelopmentisrecognizedacrosstheworld.

AwhereBwhichCwhoseDthat

定语从句

(2)

1‘介词+关系代词’结构中的介词可以是in,on,about,from,for,with,to等,关系代词只可用whom,which,或whose,不可用that。

这些词既可引导限制性定语从句,又可引导非限制性定语从句。

主要有以下几种结构:

(1)介词+关系代词

Whoisthemanwithwhomyoushookhandsjustnow

(2)名词+介词+关系代词

Givemethebookthecoverofwhichisred(thecoverofwhich=whosecover).

注意:

当先行词是物时,作定语的引导词‘whose+n.=the+n.+ofwhich或ofwhich+the+n.’

(3)代词+介词+关系代词

Ashewasalively,cousinman,hehidagreatdeal,andnoticedmanyinterestingthings,allofwhichherecordedinhisdiary.

(4)介词+关系代词+名词

Hegoestobedatten,atwhichhourhisbrotherlocksallthedoorsandwindows.

(5)形容词最高级+介词+关系代词

Hehasboughtmanynovels,themostinterestingofwhichiswrittenbyHanHan.

(6)数词+介词+关系代词

Ihavethreebrothers,twoofwhomhavejustgraduatedfromthesameuniversity.

【巧记】

‘介词+关系代词’结构中,关系代词指人时用whom,指物时则用which。

介词的选择可以根据以下关系确定:

(1)介词与定语从句中的动词或形容词是一种习惯性搭配。

ThisisthebookforwhichIpaid8yuan.

ThetwothingsaboutwhichMarxwasnotsurewerethegrammarandsomeoftheidiomsofEnglish.

(2)介词与定语从句的先行词是一种习惯性搭配。

Therewasnowayinwhichitcouldbeboughtbacktotheearth.

没有办法可以把它带到地球上来。

(依据短语inthisway)

(3)根据所表达的意思确定

Thegaswithwhichdoctorscansavethepatientsiscalledoxygen.

Thegaswithoutwhichwecan’tliveiscalledoxygen.

(4)表示所有关系或整体中的一部分时,用介词of

Therearedifferentformsofenergy,mostofwhichcomefromthesun.

注意:

含有介词的短语动词一般不能拆开,即介词仍放在动词之后,因此不能使用‘介词+关系代词’结构

此类短语有:

listento,lookat,payattentionto,carefor等

Isthisthewatchheislookingfor

2关系副词的用法

关系副词(=介词+关系代词):

关系副词

先行词

在从句中的作用

说明

When(=at/on/in/during…which)

时间名词

时间状语

非正式文体中,有时用that代替关系副词,如通常用在way后

Where(=in/at…which)

地点名词

地点状语

Why=(forwhich)

Reason和explanation

原因状语

Theraincameatatimewhen(=atwhich)itwasnotneeded.

Thisisthecomputerwhere(=by/onwhich)hehasstolentop-secretdocuments.

Hereistheplacewhere(=atwhich)themurdertookplace.

Hedidn’tgiveanyreasonwhy(=forwhich)Ihadbeenfired.

【提示】

当先行词是situation,point,case,stage等表示某种情景、状况的词时,常用where或in/atwhich引导定语从句。

Canyouimagineasituationwhere/inwhichyoucanusetheword

【巧记】

如果表示时间、地点、原因的名词不作状语,而是作主语、宾语或者表语时,必须用关系代词that/which来引导而不是用where等

May1isthedayIwillneverforget.

五月一号是我永远不会忘记的一天。

(that作forget的宾语)

TheThreeGorgesisabeautifulplace(that/which)peopleallovertheworldlookforwardtovisiting.长江三峡是个美丽的地方,全世界的人都渴望来参观。

(that或which作visiting的宾语)

Isthisthereasonthathegaveusforbeinglate

这就是他给我们的迟到的原因吗(that作gave的直接宾语)

【真题回放】

1()Sheshowedthevisitorsaroundthemuseum,theconstructionhadtakenmorethanthreeyears.

AforwhichBwithwhichCofwhichDtowhich

2()Englishisalanguagesharedbyseveraldiversecultures,eachofusesitsomewhatdifferently.

AwhichBwhatCthemDthose

3()Abankistheplacetheylendyouanumbrellainfairweatherandaskforitbackwhenitbeginstorain.

AwhenBthatCwhereDthere

4()ItwasApril29,2011PrinceWilliamandKateMiddletonwalkedintothepalacehalloftheweddingceremony.

AthatBwhenCsinceDbefore

5()Thedaysaregonephysicalstrengthwasallyouneededtomakealiving.

AwhenBthatCwhereDwhich

6()Iwalkeduptothetopofthehillwithmyfriend,weenjoyedasplendidviewofthelake.

AwhichBwhereCwhoDthat

7()JuliewasgoodatGerman,FrenchandRussian,allofshespokefluently.

AwhoBwhomCwhichDthat

8()StephenHawkingbelievesthattheearthisunlikelytobetheonlyplanetlifehasdevelopedgradually.

AthatBwhereCwhichDwhose

9()Shebroughtwithherthreefriends,noneofIhadevermetbefore.

AthemBwhoCwhomDthese

10()Mozart’sbirthplaceandthehousehecomposed‘TheMagicFlute’arebothmuseumsnow.

AwhereBwhenCthereDwhich

11()IhavereachedapointinmylifeIamsupposedtomakedecisionsofmyown.

AwhichBwhereChowDwhy

12()She’llneverforgetherstaythereshefoundhersonwhohadgonemissingtwoyea

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