托福TPO8Lecture生物类 精讲+翻译.docx
《托福TPO8Lecture生物类 精讲+翻译.docx》由会员分享，可在线阅读，更多相关《托福TPO8Lecture生物类 精讲+翻译.docx（15页珍藏版）》请在冰豆网上搜索。
托福TPO8Lecture生物类精讲+翻译
学术讲座—学生版
生物tpo8lecture1
一、背景介绍：
在生物世界，什么是动物栖息地，在栖息地被破坏之后人类是如何采取措施的，蓝莺和黑头莺如何选择栖息地的等。
二、分类表格：
TPO
Lecture
生物
Biology
TPO1
TPO2
TPO4
TPO6
TPO7
TPO8
TPO10
TPO11
TPO12
TPO14
TPO15
TPO16
TPO17
TPO18
TPO19
TPO20
TPO21
TPO22
TPO23
TPO24
TPO25
TPO26
TPO27
TPO27
TPO28
TPO28
TPO29
TPO30
4
2
4
2
2
1
1
1
1
2
4
3
4
4
3
4
3
3
3
1
4
2
1
3
2
3
1
2
三、考点分析及各分类常见逻辑结构：
生物类考点分析
•分类
•部位及特征
•用途（植物）
•习性（动物）
•栖息地
•繁殖
•与其他生物的关系
•生存状况
•相关研究
生物类常见逻辑结构
在课堂演讲中，教授常常会就某一生物现象或者生物特征进行讲解，并举出相应的例子进行证明，期间往往会有老师的自问自答和已经和学生之间的讨论。
四、十三大原则中这节课会用到的原则+举例
1.开头原则：
2.强调原则（语义的强调）：
3.举例原则
4.转折原则
5.因果原则
6.问答原则
五、本次课可能用到的笔记法
1.笔记热身
1）中文简写
2）符号
2.TPO1Conversation1笔记
六、词汇，短语及句式
1）生物类场景常用的词汇
英语
汉语
species
物种
sub-species
亚种
genepool
基因库
ancestor
祖先
descend
传承
extinction
灭绝
endanger
濒危
eradicate
灭绝
introducedanimals
外来动物
wildlifereserve
野生动物保护区
sanctuary
保护区
refuge
保护区
habitat
栖息地
quarantineservice
检疫局
parasite
寄生虫
insect
昆虫
reptile
爬行动物
mammal
哺乳动物
pollinate
授粉
2）本次课常用词汇
英语
汉语
disperse
v.分散；传播
recap
v.扼要重述
plover
n.千鸟；啄木鸟
depression
n.洼地；沮丧；不景气
fledgling
n.刚会飞的小鸟；无经验的人
warbler
n.鸣鸟
density
n.密度
reproductive
adj.生殖的；再生的；复制的
correlate
v.使有相互关系；关联
suitability
n.合适；适合
random
adj.随机的；任意的
3）本次课常用短语及句式：
英语
汉语
preferencesfor
偏爱
haveinfluenceon
对….有影响
comeup
走近;走到跟前；被提及;被讨论；即将发生;即将到来
lookat
看待
focuson
致力于；使聚焦于；对（某事或做某事）予以注意；把…作为兴趣中心
preventfrom
预防
befamiliarwith
对…熟悉
gothrough
经历，经受（尤指苦难或艰难时期）；翻阅，翻找，整理；通读；彻查
beawayfrom
远离，从…离开
afew
一些
七、文章框架分析
Troubleandneedsomehelp:
Womancannotfindwherethejournalsare.Mansaysthatshehasfocuswhichisgoodandshecanfindthebookonthereserve.
Howtodotheresearchandfindmorejournals:
Mantellsherthereareelectronicresources.Thewomanthinksitisunabletousecomputerathome.Butactuallyshecandoitathome.
Howtosavetimetodoresearch:
narrowdowntheresearchbydisplayabstractandsummary.
Whatwillthewomandonext:
Thewomanwillresearchtheresourceinthelibraryjustincase.
八、听力文本
Pro:
OK.Well,lasttime（提示词，典型的回顾型开头方式）wetalkedaboutpassivehabitatselection,likeplantsforexample,theydon’tmakeactivechoicesaboutwheretogrow.Theyaredispersedbysomeotheragent,likethewind.Andiftheseedslandinasuitablehabitat,theydowellandreproduce.（针对例子出题是lecture中常见的出题方式，这里即可以针对此例出一道题）Withactivehabitatselection,anorganismisabletophysicallyselectwheretoliveandbreed.Andbecauseananimalbreedinghabitatissoimportant,weexpectanimalspeciestodeveloppreferencesforparticulartypesofhabitats.Placeswheretheiroffspringhavethebestchanceforsurvival.Solet’slookattheeffectsofthepreferencecanhavebylookingatsomeexamples（回顾完了之后转到本次的主题，本句话是主旨的体现）,butfirstlet’srecap.Whatdowemeanbyhabitat?
（在进入主体部分前进行相关名词解释，这也是听了lecture里常见的一个环节）Frank?
Stu:
Well,it’sbasicallytheplaceorenvironmentwhereanorganismnormallylivesandgrows.
Pro:
Right,andaswediscussed,therearesomekeyelementsthathabitatmustcontain,foodobviously,water,andit’sgottohavearightclimateandbasicsforphysicalprotection.（这里可针对habitat所需的keyelements出双选题或多选题）Andwesawhowimportanthabitatselectioniswhenwelookatthehabitatweresomeofthefactorsareremoved,perhapsthroughhabitats’destruction.Ijustreadaboutashortbird,theplover.
Theploverlivesbytheoceanandfeedsonsmallshellfish,insectsandplants.Itblendsinwiththesand,soitwellcamouflagefrompredatorbirdsabove.（可以针对这里的信息出关于plover的细节题）Butitlagseggsinshallowdepressionsinthesandwithverylittleprotectionaroundthem.Soiftherearepeopleordogsonthebeach,theeggsandfledglingsinthenestarereallyvulnerable.OutingCaliforniaweatherhasbeenalotofhumandevelopmentbytheocean.Theploversarenowisthreatenspecies.Soconservationistriedtorecreateanewhabitatforthem.Theymadeartificialbeachesandsandbarsinareainaccessibletopeopleanddogs.Andtheploverpopulationisupquiteabitinthoseplaces.（此处可出细节题，针对如何挽救plover）
Ok.Thatisanincidencewhereahabitatismadelesssuitable.Butnow,whataboutcaseswhereananimalexhibitsaclearchoicebetweentwosuitablehabitats?
Incaseslikethat,doesthepreferencematter?
Let’slookatthebluewarbler.（这几句话是联系上下文的过渡句，Thatisanincidence..Butnow,whataboutcases…Let’slookat…这些语言都是需要重点注意的常见过渡表达，帮助我们建立框架）
TheBluewarblerisasongbirdthatlivesintheNorthAmerica.Theyclearlypreferhardwoodforestswithdenseshrubs,bushesunderneaththetrees.Theyactuallynestintheshrubs,notthetrees.Sotheyprettyclosetotheground,butthesewarblersalsonestintheforeststhathavelowshrubdensity.Itisusuallytheyoungerwarblersthatnesttotheareabecausetheirpreferredspotswherealotofshrubsaretakenbyoldermoredominantbirds.（可以针对这块儿的细节信息出关于Bluewarbler的细节题）
Andthechoiceofhabitatseemstoaffectthereproductivesuccess.Becausetheolderandmoreexperiencedbirdswhonestinthehighdensityshrubareashavesignificantlymoreoffspringthanthoseinlowdensityareas（可以针对这里出推断题，推断住在foreststhathavelowshrubdensity里的bluewarbler有什么特点，答案可设置为“Theyarelessexperienced.”）,whichsuggeststhatthechoiceofwheretonestdoeshaveimpactonthenumberofchickstheyhave.Butpreferredenvironmentdoesn’talwaysseemtocorrelatewithgreaterreproductivesuccess.Forexample,InEurope,studyhasbeendoneofblackcapwarblers.（可以出回放题，问教授说这2句话的意思；另外，这里是需要重点听的联系上下文的过渡句）Wejustcallthemblackcaps.
Blackcapscanbefoundintwodifferentenvironments.Theirpreferredhabitatisforestthatneartheedgeofstreams.However,blackcapsalsoliveinpinewoodsawayfromwater.（可针对前面的信息出关于blackcap的habitat特点的问题）Studyhasbeendoneonthereproductivesuccessrateforbirdsinbothareas,andtheresultshowedsurprisinglythatthereproductivesuccesswasessentiallythesameinbothareas---thepreferredandthesecondchoicehabitat.Well.Why?
Itturnsout（表结果的表达，需重点注意）therewereactuallyfourtimesasmanybirdpairsorcoupleslivinginthestreamedgehabitatcomparedtotheareaawayfromthestream,sothisstreamedgeareahasmuchdenserpopulationwhichmeantmoremembersofsamespeciescompetingfortheresources.Whenintofeedonsamethingorbuildtheirnestsinthesameplaces,whichlowerthesuitabilityoftheprimehabitateventhoughit’stheirpreferredhabitat.Sotheresultsofthestudysuggests（表结果的信息是我们重点要的听的地方，往往是对前面情况的总结）thatwhenthenumberofthecompetitorsintheprimehabitatreachesacertainpoint,thesecondrandomhabitatbecomesjustassuccessfulastheprimehabitat,justbecausetherearefewermembersofthesamespecieslivingthere.Soitlookslikecompetitionforresourcesisanotherimportantfactor（表列举的词another提示我们这句话的信息很重要）indeterminingifparticularhabitatissuitable.
九、学生听力过程
注：
此过程中，“小节”的长度由老师根据每个学生的水平来决定，两个句子到两个自然段不等。
注意不要让学生听起来太吃力，有挫败感，也不要让学生听着太简单而没有提升。
第一小节
学生听+记
学生复述
学生猜考点
老师讲解（结合笔记法，带领学生逐句听，该小节进行完之后综合听一遍，保证学生每句话都听明白了再进行下一小节）
第一段笔记：
第二小节
学生听+记笔记
学生复述+回顾之前的内容
学生猜考点
老师讲解（结合笔记法，带领学生逐句听，该小节进行完之后综合听一遍，保证学生每句话都听明白了再进行下一小节）
第二段笔记：
第三小节
学生听+记笔记
学生复述+回顾之前的内容
学生猜考点
老师讲解（结合笔记法，带领学生逐句听，该小节进行完之后综合听一遍，保证学生每句话都听明白了再进行下一小节）
第三段笔记：
全部小节进行完之后，让学生全文一起综合听一遍
十、题目，答案及解析
1.Whatisthemainpurposeofthelecture?
A.Tocompareactivehabitatselectionwithpassivehabitatselection
B.Toshowthatmosthabitatpreferencesinanimalsarelearned
C.Tocomparethehabitatrequirementsofseveralbirdspecies
D.Toexaminetheconsequencesofhabitatselectionbyanimals
Answer:
2.Whatelementoftheplover’shabitatinCaliforniawasthreatened?
A.Theavailabilityoffood
B.Theavailabilityofwater
C.Thesafetyofnestsfromhumanactivity
D.Theprotectionofnestsfrompredatorybirds
Answer:
3.Whatdoestheprofessorillustratewiththeexampleofthebluewarbler?
A.Therelationshipbetweenhumanactivityandhabitatloss
B.Therelationshipbetweenhabitatandreproductivesuccess
C.Theadvantagesofhabitatswithlowvegetationdensity
D.Thereproductiveadvantagethatyoungwarblershaveoverolderwarblers
Answer:
4.Whydoestheprofessormentionthepopulationdensityofblackcapsintwodifferenthabitats?
A.Toexplainthesimilarreproductiveratesinthetwohabitats
B.Toexplaintherelationbetweenaspecies’populationdensityanditsnestingbehavior
C.Toillustratetheadvantagesofapreferredhabitatoverasecondaryhabitat
D.Toillustratethepossibleimpactofmakingapoorhabitatselection
Answer:
5.Accordingtotheprofessor,whydidsomeblackcapschooseasecondaryhabitat?
A.Theywerefollowingamovingfoodsupply
B.Theirpreferredhabitatwastakenoverbyanotherbirdspecies
C.Theirnestingsitesweredisturbedbyhumanactivity
D.Theirpreferredhabitatbecametoocompetitive
Answer:
6.Listeningagaintopartoftheconversation.Thenanswerthequestion.
Whatcanbeinferredabouttheprofessorwhenshesaysthis?
A.Sherealizesthatshejustcontradictedastatementshemadeearlier
B.Sheisabouttodiscussanotheraspectofthetopic
C.Shethinkstheanswertoherquestionisobvious
D.Shewantsstudentstorecallacasethatshehasalreadydiscussed.
Answer:
作业：
1）本次课的所有词汇及理论知识复习并掌握
2）本次课的材料重新听写一遍，笔记提交给老师
3）习题练习：
生物类讲座2个（具体数量老师课根据学生的时间及水平调节）要求：
按照托福听力作业积累本完成
升级会员 