manhattan回顾要点问题提纲+答案.docx

manhattan回顾要点问题提纲+答案.docx

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manhattan回顾要点问题提纲+答案

Chapter2GRAMMAR,MEANING,CONCISION.

1.Mostinstancesofmeaningerrorsfallintooneofthreecategories（threekinds）

2.Helpingverbs

3.Themeaningofshould

4.Underwhatcircumstancesshouldyouchoseamoreconciseanswer?

1.1）chooseyourwords2）placeyourwords3）matchyourwords

2.Helpingverbsexpressvariouslevelsofcertainty,obligation,andreality,simplybyswappingtheseverbs,theGMATcancompletelychangethemeaningofthesentence

3.Shouldmeans“moralobligation”,not“likelihood”.

4.1）Iftwochoicesarebothgrammaticallycorrectandclearinmeaning,butoneismoreconcisethantheother,thenchoosetheshorterone.

2）Anotheraspectofconcisionisredundancy.Ifawordcanberemovedwithoutsubtractingfromthemeaningofthesentence,itshouldbeeliminated.

Chapter3SUBJECT-VERBAGREEMENT

1.Threerequirementsforsubjectandverbinasentence

2.Howtoidentifythesubjectandverb?

3.Commontypesofmiddlemenandwarm-ups

4.Additivephrases

5.Or,either…or&neither…nor

6.Collectivenouns

7.Indefinitepronouns

8.5indefinitepronounsthatcanbeeithersingularorpluraldependingonthecontext

9.Each&every

10.Thenumberof&anumberof

11.Majority&totality&plurality

12.Subjectphrase&clauses

13.Subjectinaninvertedconstruction

14.Emergency

1.1）subjectandverbmustbothexist2）subjectandverbmustmakesensetogether3）subjectandverbmustagreeinnumber

2.1）eliminatethemiddlemen,andskipthewarmup2）usethestructuretodecide

3.1）prepositionalphrases2）subordinateclauses3）othermodifiers4）commasareanotherhelpsign

4.onlythewordandcanchangeasingularsubjectintoapluralone.Singularsubjectfollowedbyadditivephrasesremainsingularsubjects.

5.1）Ifoneofthenounsissingularandtheothernounisplural,whatverbformshouldbeused?

Theanswerissimple:

findthenounnearesttotheverb,andmakesurethattheverbagreesinnumberwiththisnoun.

2）whenthewordseitherorneitherareinsentencealone（withoutorornor）,theyareconsideredsingularandtakeonlysingularverbs.）

6.Insomerarecircumstances,collectivenounscanbeconsideredplural（e.g.,whenyou

emphasizetheindividualactors,nottheirunityorwhenthereisatipinnon-underlined

construction）.However,ontheGMAT,collectivenounsarealmostalwaysconsideredsingularandthereforerequiresingularverbforms.

7.Usuallysingular.AnIndefinitePronounisnotspecificaboutthethingtowhichitrefers.Note.thatallthepronounsthatendin–one,--body,or–thingfallintothiscategory.

8.Anewnouninaprepositionalphrasecannotbethesubjectofthesentence,withlimitedidiomaticexceptions.

Thereare,however,5indefinitepronounsthatcanbeeithersingularorpluraldependingonthecontextofthesentence.Youcanrememberthese5bytheacronymSANAM.

LookattheOf-phrasewhichusuallyfollowsthepronoun.YoumayrecallthatyouaregenerallysupposedtoignoreOf-prepostionalphrases（sincetheyaremisleadingmiddleman）.TheSANAMpronounsareexceptionstothisrule.

9.Anysubjectprecededbythewordeachoreveryissingular.

eachfollowingasubjecthasnobearingontheverbform.

10.Singular;plural

11.treatquantityphrasesinthesamewayasSANAMpronouns:

thenounintheOf-prepositionalphrasewillindicatewhethertheverbissingularorplural.

12.Alwayssingular

13.theGMAToccasionallyattemptstoconfuseyoubyinvertingthisorderandplacingthesubjectaftertheverb.Insentencesinwhichthesubjectfollowstheverb,flipthewordorderofthesentencesothatthesubjectprecedestheverb.

14.Youmayhavenoticedthatconfusingsubjectsaremoreoftensingularthanplural.

WheninDoubt,ThinkSingular

Chapter4PARALLELISM

1.Twoimportantnotesforparallelism

2.Parallelmakers（especiallythethreecommonconjunctions）

3.Parallelclauseshouldstartwiththesameword

4.Theuseofcommaintheandconstruction

5.Donotassumethatallverbsandverbalformsinasentencemustbeparallel

6.Watchoutforlinkingverbs（treatanylinkingverbasparallelmarker）

1.1）Accordingtotheprincipleofparallelism,comparablesentencepartsmustbestructurallyandlogicallysimilar.

2）Noticethatwedonotgenerallyhavetomakeeverywordparallelintheparallelelements.However,themostimportantwordmustbeparallel.

2.and,butandor

3.justremember

4.Norightansweromitsandinalistjustbeforethelastitem.Moreover,theGMATalwaysinsertsacommabeforetheandinlistsof3or4items.However,ifyoujoin2clauseswithand,youcanputanoptimalcommabeforetheand.Doingsoisespeciallyrecommendedwhentheclausesarelong,independent,orboth.

5.justremember

6.

ToBeOtherLinkingVerbs

isappearseem

arebecomesmell

wasfeelsound

weregrowstay

amlooktaste

beenremainturn

berepresent

beingresemble

Chapter5PRONOUNS

1.Thefirstthingyoushoulddowhenyouencounterapronoun

2.Thepropertiesoftheantecedentthatyouarelookingforthepronoun

3.Theantecedent&pronounmustmakesensetogether

4.Theantecedentmustbeunambiguous（inalogicalsense）

5.Theantecedent&pronounMustAgreeinNumber

6.Pronouncase（somepreferredrules,butnotahard-and-fastrule）

7.Thedifferencebetweenit,theyorotherpersonalpronounsandthat,those

1.Justidentifytheantecedentofthepronoun

2.Theantecedentmustactuallyexistinthesentenceandbefunctioningasnoun

Watchoutfornounsusedusadjectives!

3.Justremember

4.Justremember

5.Justremember

6.a）Sometimes（thoughnotalways）,pronounsshowatendencytorefertonounsinthesamecase,especiallywhentheyareembeddedinparallelstructures.Inparticular,apronouninsubjectpositioninoneclausemayoftenbepresumedtorefertothesubjectofaparallelclause,evenifthatsubjectisrelativelyfaraway.

b）Nounsinthepossessivecase（with’sors’）areoftenpoorantecedents.

7.whenyouuseit,theyorotherpersonalpronouns,youmeanthesameactualthingastheantecedent.

Thoseandthatarenotmeaningthesamething,theyjustrefertothenouns.

TheGMATinsiststhatany“NewCopy”thatorthoseagreeinnumberwiththepreviousversion.

OntheGMAT,donotusethisortheseinplaceofnouns.Also,donotusethatorthoseinplaceofnouns（unlessyoumodifythatorthose）.Useit,they,ortheminstead.

Chapter6MODIFIERS

1.whatdoesadjectiveoradverbsmodify?

2.Twogrammaticallycorrectphrasingswhichdonotmeanthesamething

3.Payparticularattentiontoopeningmodifiers

4.Positionofnounmodifiers

5.Watchoutforpossessives,modifierscannotnormallymodifyinthepossessivecase.

6.Someimportantnotesabouttherelativepronouns

7.HowtoidentifyandchoosebetweenanEssentialandanon-essentialnounmodifiers

8.Verbmodifierscanbeplacedmorefreelythannounmodifiers

9.Thedifferencebetweenwhichandpresentparticiple

1.AnAdjectivemodifiesonlyanounorapronoun,whereasanAdverbmodifiesalmostanythingbutanounorapronoun.

2.onephrasingmightbe,inwhichthetwoadjectivesbothmodifythenoun.Theotherphrasingwouldbe,inwhichtheadverbmodifiestheadjective,whichinturnmodifiesthenoun.Thesetwophrasingdonotmeanthesamething.Pickthephrasingthatreflectstheauthor’sintent.

3.Justremember

4.ANOUNanditsMODIFIERshouldTOUCHeachother.（apreferredrule,notabsolutelyright;therearesomeexceptions）

5.Justremember

6.Clausesledbypronounthatcannotmodifypeople.

Surprisingly,thepronounwhosecanmodifyeitherpeopleorthings.

Whoisusedasthesubjectoftheverbinarelativeclause,whereaswhomisusedastheobjectoftheverborofapreposition.

Thatorwhomcanbedroppedwhenthemodifiednounistheobjectofthemodifyingclause.

Thepronounwherecanbeusedtomodifyanounplace,suchasarea,site,countryorNevada.Wherecannotmodifya“metaphorical”place,suchascondition,situation,case,circumstances,orargument.Inthesecases,useinwhichratherthanwhere.

7.PutCOMMASbetweenNON-ESSENTIALmodifiersandtheirnouns.

PutNOCOMMASbetweenESSENTIALmodifiersandtheirnouns.

Understandthelogicalmeaningofthesentence,anddecidewhetherthemodifieris

essentialornon-essential

8.Justremember

9.UseWHICHonlytorefertothenounimmediatelyprecedingit---nevertorefertoanentire

clause.

The–ingformisveryflexible.Itcanmodifynounsdirectly（e.g.,thechangingseasons）.Itcan

modifyverbsandtheirsubjects（e.g.,Iliftedtheweight,whistling.）Itcanevenmodifyanentireclause,aslongastheentireclauseconvertedintoanounphrasecouldfunctionasthesubjectoftheverbthatisnowin–Ingform.Thisuseofthe–ingformworksbestwhenyouwanttoexpresstheresultofthemainclause.

Chapter7VERBTENSE,MOOD,&VOICESTRATEGY

1.Inanygivensentenceyoushouldtrytokeepallverbtenseconsistent,unlessthemeaningclearlydictatesotherwise

2.youcanusethePastProgressivetodescribeabackgroundevent,whileyouuseSimplePasttodescribeamoreimportanteventintheforeground.

3.PresentPerfectnotes/simplepast

4.Pastperfect

5.Donotusetheperfecttenseswhenthesimpletensewilldowhenthesequenceoftimedoesnotneedtobeclarifiedoremphasized.

6.AvoidmixingPasttensewithFutureTense

7.TheHypotheticalSubjunctive

8.If…thenconstruction

9.Thecommandsubjunctive

1.Justremember

2.Justremember

3.thePresentPerfectindicateseithercontinuedactionorcontinuedeffe