调研资料Outerspace.docx

调研资料Outerspace.docx

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调研资料Outerspace

OfficeforOuterSpaceAffairs

The OfficeforOuterSpaceAffairs istheUnitedNationsofficeresponsibleforpromotinginternationalcooperationinthepeacefulusesofouterspace.TheOfficeformspartoftheUnitedNationsOfficeatViennaandservesastheSecretariatfortheGeneralAssembly'sonlycommitteedealingexclusivelywiththoseissues:

theCommitteeonthePeacefulUsesofOuterSpace.TheCommitteehastwosubcommittees:

theScientificandTechnicalSubcommitteeandtheLegalSubcommittee.

TheOfficeforOuterSpaceAffairsimplementstheUnitedNationsProgrammeonSpaceApplications（PSA）andworkstoimprovetheuseofspacescienceandtechnologyfortheeconomicandsocialdevelopmentofallcountries,particularlydevelopingcountries.UndertheProgramme,theOfficeconductstrainingcourses,workshops,seminarsandotheractivitiesinsubjectareassuchasremotesensing,communications,satellitemeteorology,searchandrescue,basicspacescienceandsatellitenavigation.

OnbehalfoftheSecretary-General,theOfficeforOuterSpaceAffairsmaintainstheRegisterofObjectsLaunchedintoOuterSpaceanddisseminatesviaitswebsitethatinformationrecordedintheRegister.TheOfficealsopreparesanddistributesdocuments,reports,studiesandpublicationsonvariousaspectsofspacescienceandtechnologyapplicationsandinternationalspacelaw.ThedocumentsandreportsareavailableinallofficiallanguagesoftheUnitedNationsontheOffice'swebsite.

TheOfficeforOuterSpaceAffairsprovidedsecretariatservicesforthethreeUnitedNationsconferencesontheexplorationandpeacefulusesofouterspaceandparticipatesintheimplementationoftherecommendationsadoptedintheThirdUnitedNationsConferenceontheExplorationandPeacefulUsesofOuterSpace（UNISPACEIII）,heldinViennainJuly1999.

OUTERSPACE

TransparencyandConfidenceBuilding

EffortsintheUnitedNationstomaintainouterspaceforpeacefulpurposesbeganin1957,monthspriortothelaunchofthefirstartificialsatelliteintoEarth'sorbit.Earlyproposalsforprohibitingtheuseofspaceformilitarypurposesandtheplacementofweaponsofmassdestructioninouterspacewereconsideredinthelate1950sandearly1960sbytheUnitedNations.

ExistingLegalFramework

The TreatyonPrinciplesGoverningtheActivitiesofStatesintheExplorationandUseofOuterSpace,includingtheMoonandOtherCelestialBodies（"OuterSpaceTreaty"）enteredintoforcein1967,afterconsiderationbytheCommitteeonthePeacefulUsesofOuterSpaceandtheGeneralAssembly.TheTreatyprovidesthebasicframeworkforinternationalspacelaw.

Exhibitsatthe1968UNConferenceonPeacefulUsesofOuterSpaceinVienna,Austria

Inparticular,itprohibitstheplacementofnuclearweaponsoranyotherkindsofweaponsofmassdestructioninouterspaceandthestationingofsuchweaponsoncelestialbodies.Italsoestablishesbasicprinciplesrelatedtothepeacefuluseofouterspace.Thisincludesthattheexplorationanduseofouterspaceshallbecarriedoutforthebenefitandintheinterestsofallcountriesandthatthemoonandothercelestialbodiesshallnotbesubjecttonationalappropriationorclaimsofsovereignty.

EffortsbytheConferenceonDisarmament

Sincetheearly1980s,theConferenceonDisarmament（CD）hasconsideredfurtherproposalsundertheagendaitem"preventionofanarmsraceinouterspace",includingdrafttreatiesaimedatpreventingtheplacementofweaponsinouterspaceandprohibitingtheuseofanti-satelliteweapons.

In2006,theGovernmentsofChinaandtheRussianFederationintroducedthedrafttextofsuchatreatytotheCD.TheGeneralAssemblyhasalsoreservedtherighttoconsiderthematterandin1990requestedtheSecretary-General,withtheassistanceofagroupofgovernmentalexperts,tocarryoutastudyondifferentconfidence-buildingmeasuresinouterspace.Thatgroupdelivereditsreportin1993（A/48/305）.

CurrentEfforts—GroupofGovernmentalExperts

InitiallytabledintheFirstCommittee,theGeneralAssemblyadoptedresolutionA/RES/65/68 inJanuaryof2011.ThemandatecalledupontheSecretary-Generaltoestablishagroupofgovernmentalexperts（GGE）toconductastudyonouterspacetransparencyandconfidence-buildingmeasures（TCBMs）.

TheGroupofGovernmentalExpertsattheMonumenttotheExplorersofSpaceonthegroundsoftheUNOfficeatGeneva

TheGGEheldthreesessions:

thefirstandthirdsessionsinNewYorkfrom 23to27July2012andfrom8to12July2013respectivelyandthesecondsessioninGenevafrom1to5April2013.TheGroupsubmitteditsreport（A/68/189*）totheGeneralAssemblyatits68thsession.

Followingextensiveandin-depthdiscussions,theexpertsagreeduponasetofsubstantiveTCBMsforouterspaceactivitiesandrecommendedthatStatesconsiderandimplementthemonavoluntarybasis.TheseinparticularincludetheexchangeofdifferenttypesofinformationrelatingtoStates’spacepolicyandactivities,riskreductionnotificationsandexpertvisitstonationalspacefacilities.TheGrouphastakenstockofnumerousproposalsfromGovernmentsandchangesinthepoliticalandtechnologicalenvironmentsince1993andconsideredspecifictopicsrelatedtoTCBMs.Theseincludedbasicprinciples,criteria,transparencyandoperationalmeasuresandconsultativemechanisms,aswellasmeasuresofalegallybindingnature.TheGroupagreedtoreflectinthestudyexistingcommitmentsrelatedtonon-proliferation.TheexpertsalsorecognizedthegrowingroleofinternationalcooperationinouterspaceactivitiesforbuildingconfidenceandtrustamongStates.InordertofacilitatetheimplementationoftheTCBMsandpromotetheirfurtherdevelopment,theGGErecommendedestablishingcoordinationbetweentheOfficeforDisarmamentAffairs,theOfficeforOuterSpaceAffairsandotherappropriateUNentities.

Expertsfrom15countriescontributedtothefinaloutputoftheGroup:

Brazil,Chile,China,France,Italy,Kazakhstan,Nigeria,RepublicofKorea,Romania,RussianFederation,SouthAfrica,SriLanka,Ukraine,UnitedKingdomandUnitedStates.Mr.VictorVasilievoftheRussianFederationservedasitsChair.UNIDIRprovidedconsultativesupporttotheGGE.

TheRoleoftheUNOfficeforDisarmamentAffairs

TheUnitedNationsOfficeforDisarmamentAffairssupportstheeffortsbyMemberStatestopreventanarmsraceinouterspace.TheOfficeservedasthesecretariatoftheGGEontransparencyandconfidence-buildingmeasuresinouterspaceactivitiesandinthiscapacityprovidedadministrativeandsubstantivesupporttotheGroup.

DebatingOuterSpaceCooperation,FourthCommitteeHearsGrowingNumberofActorsinOuterSpaceCouldRiskSecurityofSpaceAssets,LimitScopeofPeacefulUses

∙GENERALASSEMBLY

MEETINGSCOVERAGE

Whilespacetechnologywasindispensableinaddressingissuesrelatedtosustainabledevelopmentanddisastermanagement,theinternationalcommunitymustworktogetherforitsharmonioususeandpreventthemilitarizationofouterspace,delegatesstressedtoday,astheFourthCommittee（SpecialPoliticalandDecolonization）continueditsconsiderationofinternationalcooperationinthepeacefulusesofouterspace.

Highlightingthemanywaysinwhichspacetechnologyhadprovenessential,notonlyforexploringouterspace,butalsoforaddressingmanyoftheglobalchallengesfacingtheworldtoday,therepresentativeofSweden,speakingonbehalfoftheEuropeanUnion,saidthatthegrowingnumberofactorsinouterspacecouldriskthesecurityofspaceassets. Whileadditionallegallybindingmultilateralcommitmentshadbeenproposedagainstmilitarythreats,findingwaysofmakingprogressintheshortterm,andagainstalltypesofthreats,wasessential. Voluntaryconfidence-andtransparency-buildingmeasureswouldallowrelativelyrapidadherencebyalargenumberofcountries,andcouldbringeffectivesecuritybenefits,hesaid.

Agreeingthatouterspaceshouldonlybepromotedforpeacefulpurposes,Pakistan’srepresentativeexpressedconcernthatspace,asa“commonheritageofmankind”,wasunderthreatofweaponizationandanarmsrace. TheinsistencebyStateswithmajorspacecapabilitiesonincorporatingtheuseofouterspaceinrespectivemilitarydoctrineswasadangeroustrend,whichwouldlimitthescopeandprogressonpeacefulusesofouterspace,aswellasjeopardizecommonsecurity. Confidence-buildingandgreatertransparencywereneededinthespaceactivitiesundertakenbyvariousStates,andnegotiationofacomprehensiveconventionwouldcontributetowardsthatgoal. 

SpeakersalsoemphasizedthattheUnitedNations,throughtheCommitteeonthePeacefulUsesofOuterSpace（COPUOS）andtheUnitedNationsPlatformforSpace-basedInformationforDisasterManagementandEmergencyResponse（UN-SPIDER）,shouldcontinuetoplayapivotalroleinensuringthatcountriesbroughtthebenefitsofspaceactivitiestopeoplearoundtheworld. TherepresentativeofUruguay,speakingonbehalfoftheSouthernCommonMarket（MERCOSUR）,saidthattheOuterSpaceCommitteehadbuiltaninvaluableheritageintheareaoflawandinternationalcooperationinouterspace,anditsessentialfunctionintheUnitedNationssystemshouldbemaintainedandstrengthened. Internationalcooperationwasthecornerstonetomaintainingtheuseofouterspacesolelyforpeacefuluses,andMERCOSURhadhighhopesforthesixthRegionalConferenceoftheAmericas,whichwouldtakeplaceinMexiconextyear. 

Anumberofdelegatesalsohighlightedtheurgentneedtoenhancecapacity-buildingsothatdevelopingcountriescouldexploitavailabledata. Pointingtotherecentearthquakeand