1999年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语一试题及解析.docx

1999年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语一试题及解析.docx

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1999年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语一试题及解析

1999年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语一试题及解析

1999年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题

SectionIStructureandVocabulary

Text2

InthefirstyearorsoofWebbusiness,mostoftheactionhasrevolvedaroundeffortstotaptheconsumermarket.Morerecently,astheWebprovedtobemorethanafashion,companieshavestartedtobuyandsellproductsandserviceswithoneanother.Suchbusiness-to-businesssalesmakesensebecausebusinesspeopletypicallyknowwhatproductthey’relookingfor.

Nonetheless,manycompaniesstillhesitatetousetheWebbecauseofdoubtsaboutitsreliability.“Businessesneedtofeeltheycantrustthepathwaybetweenthemandthesupplier,”sayssenioranalystBlaneErwinofForresterResearch.Somecompaniesarelimitingtheriskbyconductingonlinetransactionsonlywithestablishedbusinesspartnerswhoaregivenaccesstothecompany’sprivateintranet.

AnothermajorshiftinthemodelforInternetcommerceconcernsthetechnologyavailableformarketing.Untilrecently,Internetmarketingactivitieshavefocusedonstrategiesto“pull”customersintosites.Inthepastyear,however,softwarecompanieshavedevelopedtoolsthatallowcompaniesto“push”informationdirectlyouttoconsumers,transmittingmarketingmessagesdirectlytotargetedcustomers.Mostnotably,thePointcastNetworkusesascreensavertodeliveracontinuallyupdatedstreamofnewsandadvertisementstosubscribers’computermonitors.Subscriberscancustomizetheinformationtheywanttoreceiveandproceeddirectlytoacompany’sWebsite.CompaniessuchasVirtualVineyardsarealreadystartingtousesimilartechnologiestopushmessagestocustomersaboutspecialsales,productofferings,orotherevents.ButpushtechnologyhasearnedthecontemptofmanyWebusers.Onlineculturethinkshighlyofthenotionthattheinformationflowingontothescreencomestherebyspecificrequest.Oncecommercialpromotionbeginstofillthescreenuninvited,thedistinctionbetweentheWebandtelevisionfades.That’saprospectthathorrifiesNetpurists.

ButitishardlyinevitablethatcompaniesontheWebwillneedtoresorttopushstrategiestomakemoney.TheexamplesofVirtualVineyards,A,andotherpioneersshowthataWebsitesellingtherightkindofproductswiththerightmixofinteractivity,hospitality,andsecuritywillattractonlinecustomers.Andthecostofcomputingpowercontinuestofreefall,whichisagoodsignforanyenterprisesettingupshopinsilicon.Peoplelookingback5or10yearsfromnowmaywellwonderwhysofewcompaniestooktheonlineplunge.

55.WelearnfromthebeginningofthepassagethatWebbusiness________.

[A]hasbeenstrivingtoexpanditsmarket

[B]intendedtofollowafancifulfashion

[C]triedbutinvaintocontrolthemarket（A）

[D]hasbeenboomingforoneyearorso

56.Speakingoftheonlinetechnologyavailableformarketing,theauthorimpliesthat________.

[A]thetechnologyispopularwithmanyWebusers

[B]businesseshavefaithinthereliabilityofonlinetransactions

[C]thereisaradicalchangeinstrategy（C）

[D]itisaccessiblelimitedlytoestablishedpartners

57.IntheviewofNetpurists,________.

[A]thereshouldbenomarketingmessagesinonlineculture

[B]moneymakingshouldbegivenprioritytoontheWeb

[C]theWebshouldbeabletofunctionasthetelevisionset（D）

[D]thereshouldbenoonlinecommercialinformationwithoutrequests

58.Welearnfromthelastparagraphthat________.

[A]pushinginformationontheWebisessentialtoInternetcommerce

[B]interactivity,hospitalityandsecurityareimportanttoonlinecustomers

[C]leadingcompaniesbegantotaketheonlineplungedecadesago（B）

[D]settingupshopsinsiliconisindependentofthecostofcomputingpower

Text3

Aninvisibleborderdividesthosearguingforcomputersintheclassroomonthebehalfofstudents’careerprospectsandthosearguingforcomputersintheclassroomforbroaderreasonsofradicaleducationalreform.Veryfewwritersonthesubjecthaveexploredthisdistinction--indeed,contradiction--whichgoestotheheartofwhatiswrongwiththecampaigntoputcomputersintheclassroom.

Aneducationthataimsatgettingastudentacertainkindofjobisatechnicaleducation,justifiedforreasonsradicallydifferentfromwhyeducationisuniversallyrequiredbylaw.Itisnotsimplytoraiseeveryone’sjobprospectsthatallchildrenarelegallyrequiredtoattendschoolintotheirteens.Rather,wehaveacertainconceptionoftheAmericancitizen,acharacterwhoisincompleteifhecannotcompetentlyassesshowhislivelihoodandhappinessareaffectedbythingsoutsideofhimself.Butthiswasnotalwaysthecase;beforeitwaslegallyrequiredforallchildrentoattendschooluntilacertainage,itwaswidelyacceptedthatsomewerejustnotequippedbynaturetopursuethiskindofeducation.Withoptimismcharacteristicofallindustrializedcountries,wecametoacceptthateveryoneisfittobeeducated.Computer-educationadvocatesforsakethisoptimisticnotionforapessimismthatbetraystheirotherwisecheeryoutlook.Bankingontheconfusionbetweeneducationalandvocationalreasonsforbringingcomputersintoschools,computeredadvocatesoftenemphasizethejobprospectsofgraduatesovertheireducationalachievement.

Therearesomegoodargumentsforatechnicaleducationgiventherightkindofstudent.ManyEuropeanschoolsintroducetheconceptofprofessionaltrainingearlyoninordertomakesurechildrenareproperlyequippedfortheprofessionstheywanttojoin.Itis,however,presumptuoustoinsistthattherewillonlybesomanyjobsforsomanyscientists,somanybusinessmen,somanyaccountants.Besides,thisisunlikelytoproducetheneedednumberofeverykindofprofessionalinacountryaslargeasoursandwheretheeconomyisspreadoversomanystatesandinvolvessomanyinternationalcorporations.

But,forasmallgroupofstudents,professionaltrainingmightbethewaytogosincewell-developedskills,allotherfactorsbeingequal,canbethedifferencebetweenhavingajobandnot.

NBACwillaskthatClinton’s90-daybanonfederalfundsforhumancloningbeextendedindefinitely,andpossiblythatitbemadelaw.ButNBACmembersareplanningtowordtherecommendationnarrowlytoavoidnewrestrictionsonresearchthatinvolvesthecloningofhumanDNAorcells--routineinmolecularbiology.Thepanelhasnotyetreachedagreementonacrucialquestion,however,whethertorecommendlegislationthatwouldmakeitacrimeforprivatefundingtobeusedforhumancloning.

Inadraftprefacetotherecommendations,discussedatthe17Maymeeting,Shapirosuggestedthatthepanelhadfoundabroadconsensusthatitwouldbe“morallyunacceptabletoattempttocreateahumanchildbyadultnuclearcloning.”Shapiroexplainedduringthemeetingthatthemoraldoubtstemsmainlyfromfearsabouttherisktothehealthofthechild.Thepaneltheninformallyacceptedseveralgeneralconclusions,althoughsomedetailshavenotbeensettled.

NBACplanstocallforacontinuedbanonfederalgovernmentfundingforanyattempttoclonebodycellnucleitocreateachild.Becausecurrentfederallawalreadyforbidstheuseoffederalfundstocreateembryos（theearlieststageofhumanoffspringbeforebirth）forresearchortoknowinglyendangeranembryo’slife,NBACwillremainsilentonembryoresearch.

NBACmembersalsoindicatedthattheywillappealtoprivatelyfundedresearchersandclinicsnottotrytoclonehumansbybodycellnucleartransfer.Buttheyweredividedonwhethertogofurtherbycallingforafederallawthatwouldimposeacompletebanonhumancloning.Shapiroandmostmembersfavoredanappealforsuchlegislation,butinaphoneinterview,hesaidthisissuewasstill“upintheair.”

63.Wecanlearnfromthefirstparagraphthat________.

[A]federalfundshavebeenusedinaprojecttoclonehumans

[B]theWhiteHouserespondedstronglytothenewsofcloning

[C]NBACwasauthorizedtocontrolthemisuseofcloningtechnique（B）

[D]theWhiteHousehasgotthepanel’srecommendationsoncloning

64.Thepanelagreedonallofthefollowingexceptthat________.

[A]thebanonfederalfundsforhumancloningshouldbemadealaw

[B]thecloningofhumanDNAisnottobeputundermorecontrol

[C]itiscriminaltouseprivatefundingforhumancloning（C）

[D]itwouldbeagainstethicalvaluestocloneahumanbeing

65.NBACwillleavetheissueofembryoresearchundiscussedbecause________.

[A]embryoresearchisjustacurrentdevelopmentofcloning

[B]thehealthofthechildisnotthemainconcernofembryoresearch

[C]anembryo’slifewillnotbeendangeredinembryoresearch（D）

[D]theissueisexplicitlystatedandsettledinthelaw

66.Itcanbeinferredfromthelastparagraphthat________.

[A]someNBACmembershesitatetobanhumancloningcompletely

[B]alawbanninghumancloningistobepassedinnotime

[C]privatelyfundedresearcherswillrespondpositivelytoNBAC’sappeal（A）

[D]theissueofhumancloningwillsoonbesettled

Text5

Science,inpractice,dependsfarlessontheexperimentsitpreparesthanonthepreparednessofthemindsofthemenwhowatchtheexperiments.SirIsaacNewtonsupposedlydiscoveredgravitythroughthefallofanapple.Appleshadbeenfallinginmanyplacesforcenturiesandthousandsofpeoplehadseenthemfall.ButNewtonforyearshadbeencuriousaboutthecauseoftheorbitalmotionofthemoonandplanets.Whatkepttheminplace?

Whydidn’ttheyfalloutofthesky?

Thefactthattheapplefelldowntowardtheearthandnotupintothetreeansweredthequestionhehadbeenaskinghimselfaboutthoselargerfruitsoftheh