机电一体Mechatronics化.docx
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机电一体Mechatronics化
Mechatronics
(机电一体化)
1Ablendofmechanicsandelectronics,mechatronicshascometomeanthesynergisticuseofprecisionengineering,controltheory,computerscience,andsensorandactuatortechnologytodesignimprovedproductsandprocesses.
2Thestandardclothesdryeristypicallycontrolledbyamechanicaltimer.Theuseradjuststhetimeraccordingtothesizeanddampnessoftheload.Ifthetimingdeviceisnotsetproperly,thedryingcyclemaybetooshortandthelaundrymaycomeoutwet,orthemachinecouldrunlongandwasteenergy.
3Aclothesdryer,however,mightbefittedwithasensor-basedfeedbacksystemthatletsthemachinemeasurethemoisturecontentofthefabricsortheexhaustair,andturnitselfoffwhentheloadisdry.Operatingperformanceisenhancedandenergyuseisloweredasaresult.Theredesigneddryermightevenbecheapertobuy,dependingmainlyonthecostofthecomponentsthatcomprisetheelectromechanicalcontrolsystem.
4Thecomputerdiskdrive,suchasCheetahfromSeagateTechnology,isoneofthebestexamplesofmechatronicdesignbecauseitexhibitsquickresponse,precision,androbustness.
5ManyU.S.-traineddesignengineerswouldsaythattheimproveddryeristheresultofup-to-datebutconventionaldesignpractices.Areliableyetrelativelyinaccuratemechanicaldevicewasreplacedbya"smarter"electroniccontrol.Inmuchoftherestoftheworld,however,designengineerswouldsaythatthedryerredesignfollowedtheprinciplesofmechatronics.
6Mechatronicsisnothingnew;itissimplytheapplicationofthelatesttechniquesinprecisionmechanicalengineering,controlstheory,computerscience,andelectronicstothedesignprocesstocreatemorefunctionalandadaptableproducts.This,ofcourse,issomethingmanyforward-thinkingdesignersandengineershavebeendoingforyears.
7ThevaguelyawkwardwordwasfirstcoinedinJapansome30yearsago.Sincethen,mechatronicshascometodenoteasynergisticblendofmechanicsandelectronics.Theword'smeaningissomewhatbroaderthanthetraditionaltermelectromechanics,whichtomanyconnotestheuseofelectrostaticorelectromagneticdevices.Itisalsoanamorphous,heterogeneous,andcontinuallyevolvingconceptwith1,001definitions,manyofwhicharesobroadorsonarrowtobeofseeminglymarginaluse.
8Mechatronicsismorethansemantics,however.It'sasignificantdesigntrendthathasamarkedinfluenceontheproduct-developmentprocess,internationalcompetitioninmanufacturedgoods,thenatureofmechanicalengineeringeducationincomingyears,andquiteprobablythesuccessmechanicalengineerswillhaveinbecomingteamleadersorengineeringmanagers.
DefiningMechatronics
9ForTakashiYamaguchi,whoworksatHitachiLtd.'sMechanicalEngineeringLaboratoryinIbaraki,Japan,mechatronicsis"amethodologyfordesigningproductsthatexhibitfast,preciseper
formance.Thesecharacteristicscanbeachievedbyconsideringnotonlythemechanicaldesignbutalsotheuseofservocontrols,sensors,andelectronics."Headdedthatitisalsoveryimportanttomakethedesignrobust.Computerdiskdrives,forexample,areaprimeexampleofthesuccessfulapplicationofmechatronics:
"Diskdrivesarerequiredtoprovideveryfastaccess,precisepositioning,aswellasrobustnessagainstvariousdisturbances,"hesaid.
10ForGiorgioRizzoni,associateprofessorofmechanicalengineeringatOhioStateUniversityinColumbus,mechatronicsis"theconfluenceoftraditionaldesignmethodswithsensorsandinstrumentationtechnology,driveandactuatortechnology,embeddedreal-timemicroprocessorsystems,andreal-timesoftware."Mechatronic(electromechanical)products,hesaid,exhibitcertaindistinguishingfeatures,includingthereplacementofmanymechanicalfunctionswithelectronicones,whichresultsinmuchgreaterflexibilityandeasyredesignorreprogramming;theabilitytoimplementdistributedcontrolincomplexsystems;andtheabilitytoconductautomateddatacollectionandreporting.Thediagramatleftillustratesthatmechatronicsiswheremechanics,electronics,computers,andcontrolsintersect
11"Mechatronicsisreallynothingbutgooddesignpractice,"saidMasayoshiTomizuka,professorofmechanicalengineeringattheUniversityofCalifornia,Berkeley."Thebasicideaistoapplynewcontrolstoextractnewlevelsofperformancefromamechanicaldevice."Itmeansusingmodern,cost-effectivetechnologytoimproveproductandprocessperformanceandflexibility.Inmanycases,theapplicationofcomputerandcontrolstechnologyyieldsadesignsolutionthatismoreelegantthanthepurelymechanicalapproach.Byhavingagoodideaofwhatcanbedoneusingotherthanmechanicalmeans,designfreedomincreasesandresultsimprove,accordingtoTomizuka,whoisalsoeditor-in-chiefofthequarterlyIEEE/ASMETransactionsonMechatronicsjointlypublishedbytheInstituteforElectricalandElectronicsEngineersandASME.
12Thejournal,firstpublishedinMarch1996,isanotherindicationthattheimportanceofthisinterdisciplinaryareaisbeingrecognized.Transactionscoversarangeofrelatedtechnicalareas,includingmodelinganddesign,systemintegration,actuatorsandsensors,intelligentcontrol,robotics,manufacturing,motioncontrol,vibrationandnoisecontrol,microdevicesandoptoelectronicsystems,andautomotivesystems.
TheRootsofMechatronics
13MechatronicswasfirstusedintermsofthecomputercontrolofelectricmotorsbyanengineeratJapan'sYaskawaElectricCo.inthelate1960s.ThewordhasremainedpopularinJapan,andhasbeeningeneraluseinEuropeformanyyears.AlthoughmechatronicshasbeenslowtogainindustrialandacademicacceptanceasafieldofstudyandpracticeinGreatBritainandtheUnitedStates,itsincreasinglypro
minentplaceworldwideisshownbythegrowingnumberofundergraduateandpostgraduatemechatronicscoursesnowbeingoffered.
14Manyengineerswouldcontendthatmechatronicsgrewoutofrobotics.Earlyroboticarms,thenunabletocoordinatetheirmovementsandwithoutsensoryfeedback,benefitedgreatlyfromadvancesinkinematics,dynamics,controls,sensortechnology,andhigh-levelprogramming.Thesamebatteryofmoderntechnologiesthatmaderobotsmoreflexibleandthusmoreusefulwasthenbroughttobearonthedesignofnewgenerationsofhigh-performance,adaptablemachineryofallkinds.
15Inthe1970s,mechatronicswasconcernedmostlywithservotechnologyusedinproductssuchasautomaticdooropeners,vendingmachines,andautofocuscameras.Simpleinimplementation,theapproachencompassedtheearlyuseofadvancedcontrolmethods,accordingtoTransactionseditors.
16Inthe1980s,asinformationtechnologywasintroduced,engineersbegantoembedmicroprocessorsinmechanicalsystemstoimprovetheirperformance.Numericallycontrolledmachinesandrobotsbecamemorecompact,whileautomotiveapplicationssuchaselectronicenginecontrolsandantilock-brakingsystemsbecamewidespread.
17Bythe1990s,communicationstechnologywasaddedtothemix,yieldingproductsthatcouldbeconnectedinlargenetworks.Thisdevelopmentmadefunctionssuchastheremoteoperationofroboticmanipulatorarmspossible.Atthesametime,new,smaller--evenmicroscale--sensorandactuatortechnologiesarebeingusedincreasinglyinnewproducts.Microelectromechanicalsystems,suchasthetinysiliconaccelerometersthattriggerautomotiveairbags,areexamplesofthelatteruse.
18Assignificantasthesedevelopmentsmayseem,agooddealofskepticismremainsabouttheideaofcodifyingtheminanengineeringfieldcalledmechatronics."It'scertainlyacatchyword,"saidcontrolsexpertErnestO.Doebelin,professoremeritusatOhioStateandanASMEFellow,"butit'sanevolutionary,ratherthanrevolutionary,development.Nowthatcomputersaresmallandrelativelycheap,itjustmakessensefordesignerstobuildthemintoproducts.Mechatronicsisreallythefamiliaritywithalltheothertechnologies--computers,software,advancedcontrols,sensors,actuators,andsoforth--thatmaketheadvancedproductspossible."
19SimilarsentimentswereexpressedbyDavorHrovat,seniorstafftechnicalspecialistattheFordResearchLaboratoryinDearborn,Mich.:
"Thewordsinglesoutanareathatperhapsisnotasinglearea.Mechatronicsismixtureoftechnologiesandtechniquesthattogetherhelpindesigningbetterproducts."
20Howevermechatronicsisdefined,itmeans"wenowhaveviabletechnologyforcomputercontrolofmechanicalsystemsatalllevels,fromtoasterstoautos,"saidDavidM.Auslander,professorofmechanicalengineeringatBerkeley."Todaywehavemechanicalsystemsforwhichperformance
isdefinedbywhat'sinacomputer,whetherit'ssoftwarealgorithms,neuralnetworks,orfuzzylogic.Thatalonemakesitdifferentfromanythingyoucoulddo25yearsago."
21Auslandertakesaverygeneralizedviewofthetopic."Anysysteminwhichyoucontrolormodulatepowerisacandidateforcomputercontrol.Foranymechanicalcomponentyoucanaskthequestion:
Whatisitspurpose?
Doesittransmitpower?
Orisitspurposecontrolandcoordination?
Computers,software,andelectronicscangenerallydothissecondfunctionmoreefficiently--simpler,cheaper,withmuchmoreflexibility."Thisapproach,heemphasized,constitutesatotallydifferentviewofhowmechanicalsystemsworkcomparedwithpreviousconceptions."Thisisamachineviewedfromthecontrolsoutward.
22Followingmechatronicprinciples,GeneralElectric'sProfileSuper32clotheswasherfeaturesasensor-basedfeedbackcontrolthatmaintainscorrectwatertemperaturenomattertheloadsize"
23Conside