鹅鹅鹅饿饿.docx
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鹅鹅鹅饿饿
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1英文文献翻译
1.1Gearmechanisms
Gearmechanismsareusedfortransmittingmotionandpowerfromoneshafttoanotherbymeansofthepositivecontactofsuccessivelyengagingteeth.Inabout2,600B.C.,ChineseareknowntohaveusedachariotincorporatingacomplexseriesofgearslikethoseillustratedinFig.2.7.Aristotle,inthefourthcenturyB.C.wroteofgearsasiftheywerecommonplace.InthefifteenthcenturyA.D.,LeonardodaVincidesignedamultitudeofdevicesincorporatingmanykindsofgears.Incomparisonwithbeltandchaindrives,geardrivesaremorecompact,canoperateathighspeeds,andcanbeusedwhereprecisetimingisdesired.Thetransmissionefficiencyofgearsisashighas98percent.Ontheotherhand,gearsareusuallymorecostlyandrequiremoreattentiontolubrication,cleanliness,shaftalignment,etc.,andusuallyoperateinaclosedcasewithprovisionforproperlubrication.
Gearmechanismscanbedividedintoplanargearmechanismsandspatialgearmechanisms.Planargearmechanismsareusedtotransmitmotionandspatialgearmechanisms.Planargearmechanismsareusedtotransmitmotionandpowerbetweenparallelshafts,andspatialgearmechanismsbetweennonparallelshafts.
Typesofgears
(1)Spurgears.ThespurgearhasacylindricalpitchsurfaceandhasstraightteethparalleltoitsaxisasshowninFig.2.8.Theyareusedtotransmitmotionandpowerbetweenparallelshafts.Thetoothsurfacesofspurgearscontactonastraightlineparalleltotheaxesofgears.Thisimpliesthattoothprofilesgointoandoutofcontactalongthewholefacewidthatthesametime.Thiswillthereforeresultinthesuddenloadingandsuddenunloadingonteethasprofilesgointoandoutofcontact.Asaresult,vibrationandnoiseareproduced.
(2)Helicalgears.Thesegearshavetheirtoothelementsatanangleorhelixtotheaxisofthegear(Fig.2.9).Thetoothsurfacesoftwoengaginghelicalgearsinnplanargearmechanismscontactonastraightlineinclinedtotheaxesofthegears.Thelengthofthecontactlinechangesgraduallyfromzerotomaximumandthenfrommaximumtozero.Theloadingandunloadingoftheteethbecomegradualandsmooth.Helicalgearsmaybeusedtotransmitmotionandpowerbetweenparallelshafts[Fig.2.9(a)]orshaftsatanangletoeachother[Fig.2.9(d)].Aherringbonegear[Fig.2.9(c)]isequivalenttoaright-handandaleft-handhelicalgearplacedsidebyside.Becauseoftheangleofthetooth,helicalgearscreateconsiderablesidethrustontheshaft.Aherringbonegearcorrectsthisthrustbyneutralizingit,allowingtheuseofasmallthrustbearinginsteadofalargeoneandperhapseliminatingonealtogether.Oftenacentralgrooveismadearoundthegearforeaseinmachining.
(3)Bevelgars.Theteethofabevelgeararedistributedonthefrustumofacone.Thecorrespondingpitchcylinderincylindricalgearsbecomespitchcone.Thedimensionsofteethondifferenttransverseplanesaredifferent.Forconvenience,parametersanddimensionsatthelargeendaretakentobestandardvalues.Bevelgearsareusedtoconnectshaftswhicharenotparalleltoeachother.Usuallytheshaftsare90deg.toeachother,butmaybemoreorlessthan90deg.Thetwomatinggearsmayhavethesamenumberofteethforthepurposeofchangingdirectionofmotiononly,ortheymayhaveadifferentnumberofteethforthepurposeofchangingbothspeedanddirection.Thetoothelementsmaybestraightorspiral,sothatwehaveplainandspiralbevelgears.Hypoidcomesfromthewordhyperboloidandindicatesthesurfaceonwhichthetoothfacelies.Hypoidgearsaresimilartobevelgears,butthetwoshaftsdonotintersect.Theteetharecurved,andbecauseofthenonintersectionoftheshafts,bearingscanbeplacedoneachsideofeachgear.Theprincipaluseofthidtypeofgearisinautomobilerearendsforthepurposeofloweringthedriveshaft,andthusthecarfloor.
(4)Wormandwormgears.Wormgeardrivesareusedtotransmitmotionandowerbetweennon-intersectingandnon-parallelshafts,usuallycrossingatarightangle,especiallywhereitisdesiredtoobtainhighgearreductioninalimitedspace.Wormsareakindofscrew,usuallyrighthandedforconvenienceofcutting,orlefthandeditnecessary.Accordingtotheenvelopingtype,wormscanbedividedintosingleanddoubleenveloping.Wormsareusuallydriverstoreducethespeed.Ifnotself-locking,awormgearcanalsobethedriverinasocalledback-drivingmechanismtoincreasethespeed.Twothingscharacterizewormgearing(a)largevelocityratios,and(b)highslidingvelocities.Thelattermeansthatheatgenerationandpowertransmissionefficiencyareofgreaterconcernthanwithothertypesofgears.
(5)Racks.Arackisagearwithaninfiniteradius,oragearwithitsperimeterstretchedoutintoastraightline.Itisusedtochangereciprocatingmotiontorotarymotionorviceversa.Alatherackandpinionisgoodexampleofthismechanism.
Geometryofgeartooth
Thebasicrequirementofgear-toothgeometryistheprovisionofangularvelocityrationsthatareexactlyconstant.Ofcourse,manufacturinginaccuraciesandtoothdeflectionswellcauseslightdeviationsinvelocityratio;butacceptabletoothprofilesarebasedontheoreticalcurvesthatmeetthiscriterion.
Theactionofapairofgearteethsatisfyingthisrequirementistermedconjugategear-toothaction,andisillustratedinFig.2.12.Thebasiclawofconjugategear-toothactionstatesthatasthegearsrotate,thecommonnormaltothesurfacesatthepointofcontactmustalwaysintersectthelineofcentersatthesamepointPcalledthepitchpoint.
Thelawofconjugategear-toothcanbesatisfiedbyvarioustoothshapes,buttheonlyoneofcurrentimportanceistheinvolute,or,moreprecisely,theinvoluteofthecircle.(Itslastimportantcompetitorwasthecycloidalshape,usedinthegearsofModelTFordtransmissions.)Aninvolute(ofthecircle)isthecurvegeneratedbyanypointonatautthreadasitunwindsfromacircle,calledthebasecircle.ThegenerationoftwoinvolutesisshowninFig.2.13.Thedottedlinesshowhowthesecouldcorrespondtotheouterportionoftherightsidesofadjacentgearteeth.Correspondingly,involutesgeneratedbyunwindingathreadwrappedcounterclockwisearoundthebasecirclewouldfortheouterportionsoftheleftsidesoftheteeth.Notethatateverypoint,theinvoluteisperpendiculartothetautthread,sincetheinvoluteisacirculararcwitheverincreasingradius,andaradiusisalwaysperpendiculartoitscirculararc.Itisimportanttonotethataninvolutecanbedevelopedasfarasdesiredoutsidethebasecircle,butaninvolutecannotexistinsideitsbasecircle.
Letusnowdevelopamatingpairofinvolutegearteethinthreesteps:
frictiondrive,beltdrive,andfinally,involutegear-toothdrive.Figure2.14showstwopitchcircles.Imaginethattheyrepresenttwocylinderspressedtogether.Ifslippagedoesnotoccur,rotationofonecylinder(pitchcircle)willcauserotationoftheotheratanangularvelocityratioinverselyproportionaltotheirdiameters.Inanypairofmatinggears,thesmallerofthetwoiscalledthepinionandthelargeronethegear.(Theterm“gear”isusedinageneralsensetoindicateeitherofthemembers,andalsoinaspecificsensetoindicatethelargerofthetwo.)Usingsubscriptspandgtodenotepinionandgear,respectively.
Inordertotransmitmoretorquethanispossiblewithfrictiondrivealone,wenowaddabeltdriverunningbetweenpulleysrepresentingthebasecircles,asinFig2.15.Ifthepinionisturnedcounterclockwiseafewdegrees,thebeltwillcausethegeartorotateinaccordancewithcorrectvelocityratio.Ingearparlance,angleΦiscalledthepressureangle.Fromsimilartriangles,thebasecircleshavethesameratioasthepitch;thus,thevelocityratioprovidedbythefrictionandbeltdrivesarethesame.
InFig.2.16thebeltiscutatpointc,andthetwoendsareusedtogenerateinvoluteprofilesdeandfgforthepinionandgear,respectively.ItshouldnowbeclearwhyΦiscalledthepressureangle:
neglectingslidingfriction,theforceofoneinvolutetoothpushingagainsttheotherisalwaysatanangleequaltothepressureangle.AcomparisonofFig.2.16andFig.2.12showsthattheinvoluteprofilesdoindeedsatisfythefundamentallawofconjugategear-toothaction.Incidentally,theinvoluteistheonlygeometricprofilesatisfyingthislawthatmaintainsaconstantpressureangleasthegearsrotate.Noteespeciallythatconjugateinvoluteactioncantakeplaceonlyoutsideofbothbasecircles.
Nomenclatureofspurgear
Thenomenclatureofspurgear(Fig.2.17)ismostlyapplicabletoallothertypeofgears.
Thediameterofeachoftheoriginalrollingcylindersoftwomatinggearsiscalledthepitchdiameter,andthecylinder’ssectionaloutlineiscalledthepitchcircle.Thepitchcirclesaretangenttoeachotheratpitchpoint.Thecirclefromwhichtheinvoluteisgeneratediscalledthebasecircle.Thecirclewherethetopsoftheteethlieiscalledthededendumcircle.Similarly,thecirclewheretherootsoftheteethlieiscalledthededendumcircle.Betweentheaddendumcircleandthededendumcircle,thereisanimportantcirclewhichiscalledthereferencecircle.Parametersonthereferencecirclearestandardized.Themodulemofagearisintroducedonthereferencecircleasabasicparameter,whichisdefinedasm=p/π.Sizesoftheteethandgearareproportionaltothemodulem.
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