隐喻的文化内涵及翻译.docx

隐喻的文化内涵及翻译.docx

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隐喻的文化内涵及翻译

论隐喻的文化内涵及其翻译

内容摘要

翻译是一种复杂而又富有吸引力的工作。

1.A.理查兹声称（1953）,翻译很

可能是宇宙间最复杂的一种活动。

因为翻译作为一种跨文化的交际活动,不仅涉及两种

语言,同时也涉及两种文化。

表面上看,翻译是语际间的转换,实际上却是跨文化传达。

这点在译界早己达成共识,人们从重视语言的转换转向更重视文化的转换。

而隐喻不仅

仅是一种修辞手段,更是人类思维的一种认知工具。

由于各民族在思维方式上存在着异

同,因而其所使用的隐喻性语言必然蕴藏了丰富独特的民族文化内涵。

由于文化因素的

影响,隐喻的翻译就成为翻译中最复杂的问题（纽马克,2001）。

本文试图从文化角度

探讨隐喻的翻译。

全文除了引言和结论部分,共分为三章。

引言部分简要回顾了语言、文化和翻译三

者之间的密切关系,指出当前翻译向文化转向的理论动态。

隐喻性语言是民族文化的集

中反映,因此,探讨隐喻的文化内涵及其翻译具有重要意义。

第一章主要从翻译的角度探讨隐喻的问题,包括隐喻的定义和类型等,并提出从文

化角度划分隐喻类型的重要性。

这样划分有利于我们比较英汉隐喻中文化内涵的共性和

个性,从而有利于寻找适当的翻译方法。

第二章主要分析比较了英汉隐喻中文化内涵的共性和个性。

阐明英汉隐喻中喻体和

喻义之间存在着四种对应关系,即

（1）相同的喻体,相同的喻义;

（2）相同的喻体,

不同的喻义;（3）不同的喻体,相同的喻义;（4）喻体和喻义的缺失。

其中第一种关系

对应文化内涵的共性,第二、三、四种关系则体现文化内涵的个性。

第三章探讨了隐喻翻译中文化传译的两种基本原则:

以源语文化为归宿和以译入语

文化为归宿,即外国化和国内化。

在实际翻译中,两者交替使用;在可能的情况下,应

优先考虑外国化,以促进文化交流。

在此原则指导下,本章详细探讨了处理隐喻中文化

因素的一些具体翻译技巧:

（1）保留原文的意象和喻义;

（2）转换成译入语文化中的意

象:

（3）保留原文的意象+文内外补偿;（4）放弃原文的意象,直接揭示其喻义;（5）

放弃原文的意象和喻义。

译者应根据具体语境作灵活的选择,不宜按图索骥。

文章最后重申,两种语言之间的翻译是使源语文化能为译入语读者理解的问题。

隐

喻的翻译是翻译技巧的问题,译者选择任何翻译技巧时都必须着眼于隐喻的文化内涵,

力图克服两种语言与文化之间的不可比性所造成的不可译性,真正让翻译成为传播文化

的一种媒介。

关键词:

隐喻:

翻译;文化内涵:

喻体:

喻义

Abstract

Content:

Translatingisacomplexandfascinatingtask.I.A.Richards（1953）onceclaimed

thattranslatingisprobablythemostcomplextypeofeventinthehistoryofthecosmos.This

isbecause,asacross-culturalcommunicationevent,itinvolvesnotonlytwolanguagesbut

alsotwocultures.Althoughonthesurfaceitseemstobeinterlingualtransformation,itis

actuallyconveyanceacrosscultures.Thiscommonunderstandinghasalreadybeenreached

inthetranslationcircle,forpeople'sattentionshavebeenshiftedfromemphasisonlinguistic

transfertowardsmoreemphasisonculturaltransfer.Metaphorisnotjustanimportantfigure

ofspeech,butisalsoacognitivemeansofhumanmind.Duetothefactthateachpeoplehas

thesimilarordissimilarmodeofthinkinginrelationtootherones,themetaphoricallanguage

usedbythispeoplemustbefullysaturatedwithculturalconnotationspeculiartoit.So

undertheinfluenceofculture,thetranslationofmetaphorsbecomesthemostimportant

particularproblem（Newmark,2001:

104）.Thisthesisattemptstoprobeintothetranslation

ofmetaphorfromtheculturalperspectivewithaviewtoanalyzingandidentifyingitscultural

connotationssothatwecouldpossiblyseekforappropriatetranslationstrategies.

Thethesisconsistsofthreechaptersinadditiontoanintroductionandaconclusion.The

Introductionbrieflyreviewstheintimaterelationsamonglanguage,cultureandtranslation,

pointingouttherecenttheoretictrendof"culturalturn"intranslationstudies.Asmetaphor

isaconcentratedreflectionofculture,itisofgreatsignificancetodiscussitscultural

connotationsandtranslation.

Chapteronemainlydealwiththeproblemsofmetaphorrelevanttotranslation,including

itsdefinition,typesetc,andputsforwardthatitisnecessarytoclassifymetaphorfromthe

culturalperspective,forthisclassificationfacilitatesourcomparisonoftheculturalgenerality

andpeculiaritybetweenChineseandEnglishmetaphors,therebyconducivetoseeking

appropriatetranslationtechniques.

Chaptertwoisdevotedtoanalysisandcomparisonoftheculturalgeneralityand

peculiaritybetweenEnglishandChinesemetaphors,elaboratingthatthereexistthefour

correspondingrelationshipsbetweenimageandsenseofEnglish/Chinesemetaphors:

（1）sameimage,similarsense;

（2）sameimage,differentsense;

（3）differentimage,similarsense;

（4）absenceofimageandsense.

Amongtheserelationships,thefirstonemanifeststheculturalgenerality,whilethe

othersembodytheculturalpeculiarity.

Chapterthreeexploresthetwofundamentalstrategiesforculturaltransfer:

thesource

languageculture-orientedandthetargetlanguageculture-oriented,namely,foreignizingand

domestication.Thetwostrategiescanbeusedalternativelyintranslationpractice.If

possible,firstpriorityisgiventoforeignizingwithaviewtopromotingculturalcommunication.Thisgeneralprincipleisimplementedthroughanumberofbasictranslationtechniquesindealingwithculturalconnotationsimbuedinmetaphors:

（1）reproducingtheoriginalimageintheTL（literaltranslation）;

（2）replacingtheimageintheSLwithastandardTLimage;（3）retainingtheoriginalimage+compensationinsideoroutsidethetext;（4）conversionofmetaphortosense（freetranslation）;（5）omission.Thetranslatorshouldmakeaflexiblechoiceintheconcretecontextandneverfollowthecast-ironrules.

Intheconclusion,itisreiteratedthatinterlingualtranslationisinvolvedinmakingthe

originalcultureintelligibletothetargetreader.Despiteaproblemoftranslationtechniques,

metaphorisimbuedwithsoabundantculturalconnotationsthatthetranslator,inchoosinghis

techniques,shouldattachgreaterimportancetotheoriginalculturalconnotations,endeavorto

narrowthegapbetweentheculturallydivergentlanguagepair,andovercometheuntranslatabilitycausedbytheincomparabilitybetweenthetwocultures,inorderthathis/her

versionscouldreallybecomeamediumindisseminatingculture.

KeyWords:

metaphor;translation;culturalconnotation;image;sense;

CONTENTS

提要..................................................................................................I

Abstract........................................................................................…...II

Introduction....................................................................................……1

0.1Languageandculture.................................................................…...3

0.2Translationandculture.................................................................…...6

0.3Cultureandmetaphor.................................................................……11

ChapterOnewhatisametaphor?

.......................................................……12

1.1Thedefinitionofmetaphor...........................................................……12

1.2Typologiesofmetaphor...............................................................…...14

1.3Reasoningofmetaphor......................................................................16

ChapterTwoCulturalconnotationsofmetaphors....................................…...19

2.1Sameimage,similarsense...................................................................20

2.2Sameimage,differentsense................................................................21

2.3Differentimage,similarsense................................................................25

2.4Absenceofimageandsense..........................................................…...26

ChapterThreeTranslationstrategies....................................................…...30

3.1Thegeneralprinciple..........................................................................30

3.2Theconcretetranslationtechniques.................................................…...32

3.2.1ReproducingtheoriginalimageintheTL..........................................…...33

3.2.2ReplacingtheoriginalimagewithastandardTLimage.......................…...36

3.2.3Retainingtheoriginalimage+compensation...................................…...38

3.2.4Conversionofmetaphortosense..................................................…...40

3.2.5Omission...................................................................................43

Conclusion....................................................................................…...46

Bibliography..................................................................................…...48

Acknowledgements.........................................................................…...52

INTRODUCTION

ThefamousBritishrhetoricianLA.Richardssaid,"Thereislikelytobeametaphor

ineverythreeutterancesinourdailytalks"（1965:

98）.Metaphorisacommon

linguisticphenomenoninpeople'stalksorwritings.Itisestimated（Pollio,1977）that

eachpersonwill,onanaverage,usefourfiguresofspeech（metaphors）perminutein

his/herfreetalks.Fromthepsychologicalpointofview,manyascholarassumesthat

analogyandallhumancognitiveactivitiesarebaseduponmetaphoricalinferenceand

analogy（Hoffman&Honeck,1980:

6）.Somelinguistsandphilosophersevenpostulate

thatinallprobabilityallhumanwordsmayhaveoriginatedfrommetaphors.Haase

proclaimedthatlanguageitselfisabigmetaphor（Haase,1996）.Themainreason

metaphoriswidelyusedisthat,ontheonehand,itismoreacognitivemeansofhuman

mindthananimportantfigureofspeechand,ontheotherhand,itisoftenheavily

steepedintheculturalconnotationsofthecommunitythatspeaksthelanguage

concerned.

ThestudyofmetaphorscanbetracedbacktoAristotle,anancientGreekrhetorician,

whoseexpatiationupondefinitionandfunctionofmetaphorhaslongbeenexertinga

dominantinfluenceontheWest.tnacademiaformorethantwomillennia.Inhis

PoeticsandRhetoric,heelaboratedthatmetaphorisafigureofspeechthatexpressesthe

samemeaningsbysubstitutingonewordforanother,andthesetwowordsconstitutea

relationshipofcomparison.Theauthorityofhistheoryhasnotbeenchallengeduntil

RichardspublishedhisbookentitledThePhilosophyofRhetoricinthe30softhe20th

century.Inthisbookhesetforththe"TheoryofInteraction",whichmeans,"asetof

associatedcommonplacesofminorkeywordsismappedontomajorkeywordstocreate

ametaphor"（Richards,1965）.Fromtheearlyyearsof1970s,philosophy,psychology,

semioticsandcognitivescienceetc.begantoturntheirattentionstothisparticular

linguisticphenomenon-metaphor,witharesultoftheadventof"ametaphormaniaera"

nicknamedbyM.Johnson（