英文版国际贸易术语.docx

英文版国际贸易术语.docx

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英文版国际贸易术语

英文版国际贸易2000术语

感受原汁原味的英文版国际贸易2000术语

INCOTERMS2000

Entryintoforce1stJAN2000

FOREWORD

ByMaria　LivanosCattaui,SecretaryGeneralofICC

Theglobaleconomyhasgivenbusinessesbroaderaccessthaneverbeforetomarketsallovertheworld.Goodsaresoldinmorecountries,inlargerquantities,andingreatervariety.Butasthevolumeandcomplexityofinternationalsalesincrease,sodopossibilitiesformisunderstandingsandcostlydisputeswhensalescontractsarenotadequatelydrafted.

Incoterms,theofficialICCrulesfortheinterpretationoftradeterms,facilitatetheconductofinternationaltrade.ReferencetoIncoterms2000inasalescontractdefinesclearlytheparties'respectiveobligationsandreducestheriskoflegalcomplications.

SincethecreationofIncotermsbyICCin1936,thisundisputedworld-widecontractualstandardhasbeenregularlyupdatedtokeeppacewiththedevelopmentofinternationaltrade.Incoterms2000takeaccountoftherecentspreadofcustoms-freezones,theincreaseduseofelectroniccommunicationsinbusinesstransactions,andchangesintransportpractices.Incoterms2000offerasimplerandclearerpresentationofthe13definitions,allofwhichhavebeenrevised.

ThebroadexpertiseofICC'sCommissiononInternationalCommercialPractice,whosemembershipisdrawnfromallpartsoftheworldandalltradesectors,ensuresthatIncoterms　2000respondtobusinessneedseverywhere.

IONTRODUCTION

1.PURPOSEANDSCOPEOFINCOTERMS

TbepurposeofIncotermsistoprovideasetofinternationalrulesfortheinterpretationofthemostcommonlyusedtradetermsinforeigntrade.Thus,theuncertaintiesofdifferentinterpretationsofsuchtermsindifferentcountriescanbeavoidedoratleastreducedtoaconsiderabledegree.

Frequently,partiestoacontractareunawareofthedifferenttradingpracticesintheirrespectivecountries.Thiscangiverisetomisunderstandings,disputesandlitigation,withallthewasteoftimeandmoneythatthisentails.Inordertoremedytheseproblems,theInternationalChamberofCommercefirstpublishedin1936asetofinternationalrulesfortheinterpretationoftradeterms.Theseruleswereknownas"Incoterms1936".Amendmentsandadditionswerelatermadein1953,1967,1976,1980,1990andpresentlyin2000inordertobringtherulesinlinewithcurrentinternationaltradepractices.

ItshouldhestressedthatthescopeofIncotermsislimitedtomattersrelatingtotherightsandobligationsofthepartiestothecontractofsalewithrespecttothedeliveryofgoodssold（inthesenseof"tangibles",notincluding"intangibles"suchascomputersoftware）.

ItappearsthattwoparticularmisconceptionsaboutIncotermsareverycommon.First,Incotermsarefrequentlymisunderstoodasapplyingtothecontractofcarriageratherthantothecontractofsale.Second,theyaresometimeswrongly'assumedtoprovideforallthedutieswhichpartiesmaywishtoincludeinacontractofsale.

AshasalwaysbeenunderlinedbyICC,Incotermsdealonlywiththerelationbetweensellersandbuyersunderthecontractofsale,and,moreover,onlydosoinsomeverydistinctrespects.

Whileitisessentialforexportersandimporterstoconsidertheverypracticalrelationshipbetweenthevariouscontractsneededtoperformaninternationalsalestransaction-wherenotonlythecontractofsaleisrequired,butalsocontractsofcarriage,insuranceandfinancing:

-Incotermsrelatetoonlyoneofthesecontracts,namelythecontractofsale.

Nevertheless,theparties'agreementtouseaparticularIncoterms,wouldnecessarilyimplicationsfortheothercontracts.Tomentionafewexamples,ahavingagreedtoaCFRorCIF-contractcannotperformsuchacontract　　byanyothermodeoftransportthancarriagebysea,sinceunderthesehemustpresentabillofladingorothermaritimedocumenttothebuyerwhichissimplynotpossibleifothermodesoftransportareused.Furthermore,-&cdocumentrequiredunderadocumentarycreditwouldnecessarilydependuponthemeansoftransportintendedtoheused.

Second,Incotermsdealwithanumberofidentifiedobligationsimposedontheparties-suchastheseller'sobligationtoplacethegoodsatthedisposalofthebuyerorhandthemoverforcarriageordeliverthematdestinationandwiththedistributionofriskbetweenthepartiesinthesecases.

Further,theydealwiththeobligationstoclearthegoodsforexportandimport,thepackingofthegoods,thebuyer'sobligationtotakedeliveryaswellastheobligationtoprovideproofthattherespectiveobligationshavebeendulyfulfil1ed.AlthoughIncotermsareextremelyimportantfortheimplementationofthecontractofsale,agreatnumberofproblemswhichmayoccurinsuchacontractarenotdealtwithatall,liketransferofownershipandotherpropertyrights.breachesofcontractandtheconsequencesfollowingfromsuchbreachesmwellasexemptionsfromliabilityincertainsituations.ItshouldbestressedthatIncotermsarenotintendedtoreplacesuchcontracttermsthatareneededforacompletecontractofsaleeitherbytheincorporationofstandardtermsorbyindividuallynegotiatedterms.

Generally,Incotermsdonotdealwiththeconsequencesofbreachofcontract

andanyexemptionsfromliabilityowingtovariousimpediments.Thesequestionsmustheresolvedbyotherstipulationsintilecontractofsaleandtileapplicablelaw.

Incotermshavealwaysbeenprimarilyintendedforusewheregoodsaresoldfordeliveryacrossnationalboundaries:

hence,internationalcommercialterms.However,Incoterms　areinpracticeattimesalsoincorporatedintocontractsforthesaleofgoodswithinpurelydomesticmarkets.WhereIncotermsaresoused,theA2andB2clausesandanyotherstipulationofotherarticlesdealingwithexportandimportdo,ofcourse,becomeredundant.

2.WHYREVISIONSOFINCOTERMS?

ThemainreasonforsuccessiverevisionsofIncotermshasbeentheneedtoadaptthemtocontemporarycommercialpractice.Thus,inthe1980revisionthetermFreeCarrier（nowFCA）wasintroducedmordertodealwiththefrequentcasewherethereceptionpointinmaritimetradewasnolongerthetraditionalFOB  point（passingoftheship'srail）butratherapointonland,priortoloadingonboardavessel,wherethegoodswerestowedintoacontainerforsubsequenttransportbyseaorbydifferentmeansoftransportincombination（so  calledcombinedormultimodeltransport）.

Further,inthe1990revisionofIncoterms,theclausesdealingwiththeseller'sobligationtoprovideproofofdeliverypermittedareplacementofpaperdocumentationbyEDI  messagesprovidedthepartieshadagreedtocommunicateelectronically.Needlesstosay,effortsareconstantlymadetoimproveuponthedraftingandpresentationofIncotermsinordertofacilitatetheirpracticalimplementation.

3.INCOTERMS2000

Duringtheprocessofrevision,whichhastakenabouttwoyears,ICC　hasdoneitsbesttoinviteviewsandresponsestosuccessivedraftsfromawiderangingspectrumofworldtraders,representedasthesevarioussectorsareonthenationalcommitteesthroughwhichICC　operates.Indeed,ithasbeengratifyingtoseethatthisrevisionprocesshasattractedfarmorereactionfromusersaroundtheworldthananyofthepreviousrevisionsofIncoterms.TheresultofthisdialogueisIncoterms2000,aversionwhichwhencomparedwithIncoterms1990mayapperartohaveeffectedfewchanges.Itisclear,however,thatIncotermsnowenjoyworldwiderecognitionandICChasthereforedecidedtoconsolidateuponthatrecognitionandavoidchangeforitsownsake.Ontheotherhand,seriouseffortshavebeenmadetoensurethatthewordingusedinIncoterms2000clearlyandaccuratelyreflectstradepractice.Moreover,substantivechangeshavebeenmadeintwoareas:

•    thecustomsclearanceandpaymentofdutyobligationsunderFASandDEQ;and

•    theloadingandunloadingobligationsunderFCA.

Allchanges,whethersubstantiveorformalhavebeenmadeonthebasisofthoroughresearchamongusersofIncotermsandparticularregardhasbeengiventoqueriesreceivedsince1990bythePanelofIncotermsExperts,setupasanadditionalservicetotheusersofIncoterms.

4.INCOPRORATIONOFINCOTERMSINTOTHECONTRACTOFSALE

InviewofthechangesmadetoIncotermsfromtimetotime,itisimportanttoensurethatwherethepartiesintendtoincorporateIncotermsintotheircontractofsale,anexpressreferenceisalwaysmadetothecurrentversionofIncoterms.Thismayeasilybeoverlookedwhen,forexample,areferencehasbeenmadetoanearlierversioninstandardcontractformsorinorderformsusedbymerchants.Afailuretorefertothecurrentversionmaythenresultindisputesastowhetherthepartiesintendedtoincorporatethatversionoranearlierversionasapartoftheircontract.MerchantswishingtouseIncoterms　2000shouldthereforeclearlyspecifythattheircontractisgovernedby"Incoterms2000".

5.THESTRUCTUREOFINCOTERMS

In1990,forcaseofunderstanding,thetermsweregroupedinfourbasicallydifferentcategories:

namelystartingwiththetermwherebytheselleronlymakesthegoodsavailabletothebuyerattheseller’sownpremises（the"E"  termExworks）;followedbythesecondgroupwherebytheselleriscalledupontodeliverthegoodstoacarrierappointedbythebuyer（the"F"  termsFCA,FASandFOB）;continuingwiththe"C"  termswherethesellerhastocontractforcarriage,butwithoutassumingtheriskoflossofordamagetothegoodsoradditionalcostsduetoeventsoccurringaftershipmentanddispatch（CFR,CIF,CPTandCIP）;　and,finally,the"D"  termswherebythe