《英语语言学概论》配套习题五问答题答案docx.docx

《英语语言学概论》配套习题五问答题答案docx.docx

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《英语语言学概论》配套习题五问答题答案docx

《英语语言学概论》配套习题（五）（问答题）答案

Chapter1IntroductiontoLinguistics

1.Whataredesignfeaturesoflanguage?

Designfeaturesrefertothedefiningpropertiesofhumanlanguagethattellthedifferencebetweenhumanlanguageandanysystemofanimacommunication.

2.Whatarethecharacteristicsofhumanlanguage?

Thecharacteristicsofhumanlanguageincludearbitrariness,duality,productivity,displacement,discreteness,transferabilityandlinearity.

3・Explainthecharacteristicofarbitrariness・Whataretherelationshipbetweenarbitrarinessandconvention?

Arbitrarinessreferstothefactthattheformsoflinguisticsignsbearnonaturalrelationshiptotheirmeaning.Arbitrarinessoflanguagemakesitpotentiallycreative,andconventionalityoflanguagemakesalanguagebepassedfromgenerationtogeneration.

4.Whatdoesproductivitymeanforlanguage?

Itmeanslanguageisresourcefulbecauseofitsdualityanditsrecursiveness.Itreferstothepropertythatlanguageenableslanguageuserstoproduceorunderstandanindefinitenumberofsentencesincludingnovelsentencesbyuseoffinitesetofrules.

5・Whatfunctionsdoeslanguagehave?

Languagehasatleastsevenfuncitons:

informative,interpersonal,performative,emotive,phatic,recreationalandmetalingual.

6・Explainthemetalingualfunctionoflanguage・

Themetalingualfunctionoflanguagereferstothefactthatlanguagecanbeusedtotalkaboutitself.

7・Whatisthedifferencebetweensynchroniclinguisticsanddiachroniclinguistics?

Synchroniclinguisticstakesafixedinstant（usually,butnotnecessarily,thepresent）asitspointofobservation.Incontrast,diachroniclinguisticsisthestudyofalanguagethroughthecourseofitshistory;therefore,itisalsocalledhistoricallinguistics.

8・Whatdistinguishesprescriptivestudiesoflanguagefromdescriptivestudiesoflanguage?

Thedistinctionliesinprescribinghowthingsoughttobeanddescribinghowthingsare.Tosaythatlinguisticsisadescriptivescienceistosaythatthelinguisttriestodiscoverandrecordtherulestowhichthemembersofalanguage-communityactuallyconformanddoesnotseektoimposeuponthemotherrules,norms,ofcorrectness,whichareinthescopeofprescriptivelinguistics.

Chapter2Phonology

1・Whatdoesphoneticsconcern?

Phonetisisthescientificstudyofspeechsoundsofhumanbeings.Phoneticscanbesuv-classifiedintoarticulatoryphonetics,acousticphoneticsandauditoryphonetics.2・Howdothethreebranchesofphoneticscontributetothestudyofspeechsounds?

Articualtoryphoneticsisthestudyoftheproductionofspeechsounds.Acousticphoneticsisthestudyofthephysicalpropertiesofthesoundsproducedinspeeech.Auditoryphoneticsisconcernedwiththeperceptionofspeechsounds.

3・Howisthedescriptionofconsonantsdifferentfromthatofvowels?

Consonantsareproducedbyconstrictingorobstructingthevocaltractatsomeplacetodivert,impede,orcompletelyshutofftheflowofairintheoralcavity.Bycontrast,avowelisproducedwithoutsuchobstructionsonoturbulanceoratotalstoppingoftheaircanbeperceived.

4.Inwhichtwowaysmayconsonantsbeclassified?

Thecategoriesofconsonantsareestablishedontwoimportantfactors,whicharetermedasmannersofarticulationandplacesofarticulation.

5.Howdophoneticiansclassifyvowels?

Thediscriptionofvowelsincludesfouraspects:

theheightoftongueraising（high,mid,low）;thepositionofthehighestpartofthetongue（front,central,back）;thelengthortensenessofthevowel（tensevs.laxorlongvs.short）andlip-rounding（roundedvs.unrounded）.

6.T0whatextentdoesphonologydifferfromphonetics?

Phonologyisconcernedwiththelinguisticpatterningofsoundsinhumanlanguages,withitsprimaryaimbeingtodiscovertheprinciplesthatgovernthewaywoundsareorganizedinlanguages,andtoexplainthevariationsthatoccur.Phoneticsisthestudyofallpossiblespeechsoundswhilephonologystudiesthewayinwhichspeakersofalanguagesystematicallyuseaselectionofthesesoundsinordertoexpressmeaning.

7.Whatdominimalpairrefer?

Giveanexampletoillustrate・

Certainsoundscausechangesinthemeaningofaword,whereasothersoundsdonot.Forinstance,thewordbigcanbedescribedinaphonetictranscription[big].If[g]isreplacedby[t],thereisanotherword:

bit.[g]and[t]arecalledminimalpairs.Therefore,whensoundsubstitutionscausedifferencesofmeaning,thesesoundsareminimalpairs.

8.Whatkindofphenomenoniscomplementarydistribution?

Whentwosoundsneveroccurinthesameenvironment,theyareincomplementarydistribution.Forexample,theaspiratedEnglishstopsneveroccurafter[s],andtheunaspiratedonesneveroccurinitially.Soundsincomplementarydistributionmaybeassignedtothesamephoneme.Theallophonesof[1],forinstance,arealsoincomplementarydistribution.Theclear[l]occuronlybeforeavowel,thedark[1]occurafteraconsonantorattheendofaword.

Chapter3Morphology

1・Whatisafreemorpheme?

Whatisaboundmorpheme?

Morphememaybeclassifiedintofreeandbound.Afreemorphemeisonethatcanbeutteredalonewithmeaning,itcanexistonitsownwithoutaboundmorpheme.

Afreemorphemeisaword,inthetraditionalsense.Man,book,takeandredarefreemorphemes.

Aboundmorphemecannotstandbyitselfasacompleteutterance.Itmustappearwithatleastoneothermorphem,freeorbound,likeun-inunhappy,pasttensemorphemeinworked.

2・Whatisthedifferencebetweeninflectionalaffixesandderivationalaffixes?

Aninflectionalaffixservestoexpresssuchmeaningsasplurality,tense,andthecomparativeorsuperlativedegree.Itdoesnotformanewwordwithnewlexicalmeaningwhenitisaddedtoanotherword.Nordoesitchangetheword-classofthewordtowhichitisadded.Theinflecitonalaffixestodayarethepluralmarker,thegenetivecase,theverbalendings,thecomparativedegreesandsuperlativedegrees.Inflectionalaffixeshaveonlytheirparticualrgrammaticalmeanings,sotheyarealsocalledgrammaticalmeanings,sotheyarealsocalledgrammaticalaffixes.

Aderivationalaffixservestoderiveanewwordwhenitisaddedtoanothermorpheme.Derivationalaffixhaslexicalmeaning,butlessimportantthanthemeaningoftherootinthesameword,like-ableinthewordworkable.Derivaitonalaffixesarecommonlysubdividedintoprefixesandsuffixes.

3・Whatiscompounding?

Compoundingorcompositionisaword-formationprocessbyjoiningtwoormorebasestoformanewunit,acompoundword.Compoundscanbedividedintothreecategoriesaccordingtopartsofthespeech:

（1）nouncompounds（likehearbeat）;

（2）adjectivecompounds（likedutyfree）;（3）verbcompounds（likehousekeep）.

4.Whatarethecriteriaofacompoundword?

（1）Orthographically,compoundsarewritteninthreeways:

solid（likeairmail）.hyphenated（likeair-conditioning）andopen（likeairraid）.

（2）Phonologically,manycompoundshaveaso-calledcompoundaccent,thatis,asinglestressonthefirstelement,asin"spacerocket;oramainstressonthefirstelementandasecondarystressonthesecondelement.

（3）Semantically,compoundscanbesaidtohaveameaningwhichmayberelatedto,butcannotalwaysbeinferredfromthemeaningofitscomponentparts.

5.Whatisacronymy?

Acronymyisatypeofshorteningbyusingthefirstlettersofwordstoformapropername,atechnicalterm,oraphrase・Iftheshortenedwordispronouncedletterbyletter,itisaninitialismlikeBBC;iftheshortenedwordispronouncedaswordratherthanasasequenceofletters,itisanacronymlikeSAM（forsurface-to-airmissile）.

6.Whatisblending?

Blendingisapreocessofword・forniationinwhichanewwordisformedbycombiningthemeaningsandsoundsoftwowords,oneofwhichisnotinitsfullformorbothofwhicharenotintheirfullforms,likenewscast（news+broadcast）,brunch（breakfast+lunch）.

7.Decidewhichwayofwordformationisusedtoformthefollowingwords.

Comsat（fromcommunications+satellite,byblending）

Motel（frommotor+hotel,byblending）

Lase（fromlaser,byback-formation）

Memo（frommemorandom,bybackclipping）

Nightmare（fromdaymare,byanalogy）

ASEAN（fromtheAssociationforSouth-EastAsianNations,byacronymy）

ROM（fromread-onlymemory,byinitialism）

Bit（frombinary+digit,byblending））

Babysit（frombabysitter,byback・fonnatioii）

cock-a・doodle・do（fromthesoundproducedbycock,byonomatopoeia））

grunt（fromthesoundproducedbypig,byonomatopoeia）

8・Whatareclosed-classwordsandopen-classwords?

Awordthatbelongstotheclosed-classisonewhosemembershipisfixedorlimited.Newmembersarenotregularlyadded.Therefore,pronouns,prepositions,conjunctions,articles,etc.,areallcloseditems.

Theopen-classisonewhosemembershipisinprincipleinfiniteorunlimited.

Withtheemergenceofnewideas,inventions,etc.,newexpressionsarecontinuallyandconstantlybeingaddedtothelexicon.Nouns,verbs,adjectivesandmanyadverbsareallopen-classitems.

Chapter4Syntax

1.Whatissyntax?

Syntaxisasub-fieldoflinguisticsthatstudiesthesentencestructureoflanguage.Specifically,Itisthestudyoftherulesgoverningthewaysinwhichwords,wordgroupsandphrasesarejoinedtoformsentencesinalanguage,orthestudyoftheinterrelationshipsbetweensententialelements.

2.Whatisasimple,compound,orcomplexsentence?

Asimplesentenceismadeupofoneindependentclausewithdependentclauseattached.Itconsistsofatleastonesubjectandonepredicate.Eitherthesubjectorthecomplementmaybecompound（consistingofmorethanoneelementjoinedwithacoordina