中英文 珍贵 跨文化交际学概论课件资料.docx

中英文 珍贵 跨文化交际学概论课件资料.docx

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中英文珍贵跨文化交际学概论课件资料

.CultureandInterculturalCommunication

Culture:

●Culturemaybedefinedaswhatasocietydoesandthinks.（Sapir,1921）

●Culturereferstothetotalwayoflifeofparticulargroupsofpeople.Itincludeseverythingthatagroupofpeoplethinks,says,does,andmakes.（R.Kohls,1979）

●Cultureisalearnedsetofsharedinterpretationsaboutbeliefs,values,andnorms,whichaffectthebehaviorofarelativelylargegroupofpeople.文化是习得的一套关于信仰、价值观、规范的公认的解释，这些信仰、价值观、规范对相当大人类群体的行为产生影响。

TheCharacteristicsofCulture:

1.Cultureisnotinnate;itislearned;

2.Cultureistransmissiblefrompersontoperson,grouptogroup,andgenerationtogeneration;

3.Cultureisadynamicsystemthatchangescontinuouslyovertime;

4.Cultureisselective;（everyculturerepresentsalimitedchoiceofbehaviorpatterns）

5.Cultureiscomposedofinterrelatedfacets;

6.Cultureisethnocentric（centerednessonone’sowngroup）.

TheAmericansociolinguistD.Hymespointedoutthatpeoplewithcommunicativecompetenceshouldknowwhen,whereandwhattospeaktowhomandhow.

Modelsofcommunication

Theoretically,themodelofcommunicationisalwaysdescribedinthefollowingway:

Communicationisexchanginginformationintheformofmessages,symbols,thoughts,signsandopinions.

TheIngredientsofCulture

●Language;

●Religion;

●Valuesandattitudes;

●Education;

●Socialorganization;

●Technologyandmaterialculture;

●Politics;

●Law

InterculturalCommunication（IC）

●Initsmostgeneralsense,ICreferstothoseoccasionswhenamemberofone

cultureproducesamessageforconsumptionbyamemberofanotherculture.（p70,Samovar&Porter）

●Moreprecisely,ICreferstocommunicationbetweenpeoplewhoseculture

perceptionsandsymbolsystemsaredistinctenoughtoalterthecommunicationevent.（p70,Samovar&Porter）跨文化交际:

指拥有不同文化认知和符号体系的人们之间进行的交际。

胡文仲：

具有不同文化背景的人从事交际的过程就是跨文化交际。

Timeorientation:

（Hall,1976）:

美国人类学家霍尔（EdwardHall）在《超越文化》（BeyondCulture）一书中首次区分了两种不同的时间观念,即“单向计时制”（monochronictime）和“多向计时制”（polychronictime）.

1.MonochronicTime（M-Time）

Itschedulesoneeventatatime.Intheseculturestimeisperceivedasalinearstructurejustlikearibbonstretchingfromthepastintothefuture.e.g.AmericanPeople

1.1单向计时制重视日程安排、阶段时间和准时;

1.2认为“时间是线性的、可分割的，就像一条道路或带子向前伸展到未来，向后延伸到过去”。

1.3认为同时做两件事几乎有点不道德;

1.4持有这种时间取向的英美人士把时间看成具体实在（tangible）的东西,可以节省（save）、花费（spend）、赚得（earn）、浪费（waste）、失去（lose）、弥补（makeup）、计量（measure）、甚至当成商品一样买卖（buy,sell）和拥有（have）。

美国人特别强调把时间分割成不同的时段来安排活动,强调守时,严格按照日程一次做一件事情（doonethingatatime）.

2.PolychronicTime（P-Time）

2.1P-timeschedulesseveralactivitiesatthesametime.Itisflexibleandmorehumanistic.

2.2PeoplefromP-timesystememphasizetheinvolvementofpeoplemorethanschedules.Theydonotseeappointmentsasironcladcommitmentsandoftenbreakthem.

e.g.Chinese,LatinAmerican,ArabandmostAsiancultures

NegativeimpactsinIC:

1.Ethnocentrism

2.AnxietyandUncertainty

3.Stereotypes

4.Prejudice

5.Discrimination&Racism

1.Ethnocentrism

Ifpeoplebelievethattheircultureistheonlytrueculture,theywilldiscriminateagainstpeoplewhomanifestculturalnormsthatfailtocorrespondtotheirvaluesandbehaviors.

2.AnxietyandUncertainty

2.1Anxietyreferstothefeelingofbeinguneasy,tense,worried,orapprehensiveaboutwhatmighthappy.

2.2Uncertaintyreferstoourinabilitytopredictorexplainothers’behavior,feelings,attitudes,behavior,orvalues.

Ourabilitytocommunicateeffectivelyisbased,atleastinpart,onourabilitytomanageouranxietyanduncertainty.

AnxietyandUncertaintyManagement（AUM）Theory（Gudykunst,1995）：

AUMmanagementtheorysuggeststhateffectiveinterpersonalandintergroupcommunicationisafunctionofhowindividualsmanagetheanxietyanduncertaintytheyexperiencewhencommunicating

withothers.

3.Stereotypes

3.1Stereotypesareaformofgeneralizationaboutsomegroupofpeople,orameansoforganizingimagesintofixedandsimplecategoriesthatareusedtostandfortheentirecollectionofpeople.（WalterLippmann）

3.2Humanbeingshaveapsychologicalneedtocategorizeandclassify.

4.Prejudice

Itreferstonegativeattitudestowardsotherpeoplethatarebasedonfaultyandinflexiblestereotypes.Itisanunfair,biased,orintolerantattitudetowardsanothergroupofpeople.（Lusting&Koester）

5.Discrimination

Itreferstothebehavioralmanifestationsoftheprejudice,itcanbethoughtofasprejudice“inaction”.（Lusting&Koester）

Racism

Thebeliefthatraceaccountsfordifferencesinhumancharacterorabilityandthataparticularraceissuperiortoothers.

Ethnocentrism:

Ifpeoplebelievethattheircultureistheonlytrueculture,theywilldiscriminateagainstpeoplewhomanifestculturalnormsthatfailtocorrespondtotheirvaluesan