《英美文学选读》自学资料英国文学部分.docx

《英美文学选读》自学资料英国文学部分.docx

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《英美文学选读》自学资料英国文学部分

《英美文学选读》自学资料（英国文学部分）

Contents

Introduction

TheOldEnglishperiod

Poetry

Alliterativeverse

Themajormanuscripts

Problemsofdating

Religiousverse

ElegiacandheroicverseProse

EarlytranslationsintoEnglish

Late10th-and11th-centuryproseTheEarlyMiddleEnglishperiod

Poetry

InfluenceofFrenchpoetry

Didacticpoetry

Verseromance

ThelyricProseThelaterMiddleEnglishandearlyRenaissanceperiods

LaterMiddleEnglishpoetry

Therevivalofalliterativepoetry

Courtlypoetry

ChaucerandGower

PoetryafterChaucerandGower

Courtlypoetry

Popularandsecularverse

PoliticalverseLaterMiddleEnglishprose

Religiousprose

SecularproseMiddleEnglishdrama

ThetransitionfrommedievaltoRenaissanceTheRenaissanceperiod:

1550–1660

Literatureandtheage

Socialconditions

Intellectualandreligiousrevolution

TheraceforculturaldevelopmentElizabethanpoetryandprose

DevelopmentoftheEnglishlanguage

SidneyandSpenser

Elizabethanlyric

Thesonnetsequence

Otherpoeticstyles

ProsestylesElizabethanandearlyStuartdrama

Theatreandsociety

TheatresinLondonandtheprovinces

Professionalplaywrights

ChristopherMarloweShakespeare\'sworks

Theearlyhistories

Theearlycomedies

Thetragedies

Shakespeare\'slaterworksPlaywrightsafterShakespeare

BenJohnson

MarstonandMiddleton

EarlyStuartdramaEarlyStuartpoetryandprose

TheMetaphysicalpoets

Donne

Donne\'sinfluenceJonsonandtheCavalierpoets

ContinuedinfluenceofSpenser

EffectofreligionandscienceonearlyStuartprose

Prosestyles

Milton\'sviewofthepoet\'sroleTheRestoration

Literaryreactionstothepoliticalclimate

Thedefeatedrepublicans

WritingsoftheNonconformists

WritingsoftheRoyalistsMajorgenresandmajorauthorsoftheperiod

Chroniclers

Diarists

Thecourtwits

Dryden

DramabyDrydenandothers

LockeThe18thcentury

Publicationofpoliticalliterature

Politicaljournalism

Majorpoliticalwriters

Pope

Thomson,Prior,andGay

Swift

ShaftesburyandothersThenovel

Themajornovelists

Defoe

Richardson

Fielding

Smollett

SterneMinornovelistsPoetsandpoetryafterPope

Burns

Goldsmith

Johnson\'spoetryandprose

TheRomanticperiodThenatureofRomanticismPoetryBlake,Wordsworth,andColeridgeOtherpoetsoftheearlyRomanticperiodThelaterRomantics:

Shelley,Keats,andByronMinorpoetsofthelaterperiodThenovel:

Austen,Scott,andothersMiscellaneousproseDramaThePost-RomanticandVictorianerasEarlyVictorianliterature:

theageofthenovelDickensThackeray,Gaskell,andothersTheBrontësEarlyVictorianverseTennysonRobertBrowningandElizabethBarrettBrowningArnoldandCloughEarlyVictoriannonfictionalproseLateVictorianliteratureThenovelVerseTheVictoriantheatreVictorianliterarycomedy“Modern”Englishliterature:

the20thcenturyFrom1900to1945TheEdwardiansThemodernistrevolutionAnglo-Americanmodernism:

Pound,Lewis,Lawrence,andEliotCelticmodernism:

Yeats,Joyce,Jones,andMacDiarmidTheliteratureofWorldWarIandtheinterwarperiodThe1930sTheliteratureofWorldWarII（1939–45）Literatureafter1945FictionPoetryDramaAdditionalreadingGeneralworksTheOldEnglishandearlyMiddleEnglishperiodsThelaterMiddleEnglishandearlyRenaissanceperiodsTheRenaissanceperiod,1550–1660ElizabethanpoetryandproseElizabethanandearlyStuartdramaEarlyStuartpoetryandproseTheRestorationandthe18thcenturyTheRomanticperiodThePost-RomanticandVictorianeras“Modern”Englishliterature:

the20thcenturyFrom1900to1945Literatureafter1945

Naturalism

    Naturalismisatermofliteraryhistory,primarilyaFrenchmovementinprosefictionandthedramaduringthefinalthirdofthe19th-cent.althoughitisalsoappliedtosimilarmovementsorgroupsofwritersinothercountriesinthelaterdecadesofthe19thandearlyyearsofthe20thcents.InFranceEmileZola（1840-1902）wasthedominantpractitionerofNaturalisminprosefictionandthechiefexponentofitsdoctrines.

    TheemergenceofNaturalismdoesnotmarkaradicalbreakwithRealism,ratherthenewstyleisalogicalextensionofit.Broadlyspeaking,Naturalismischaracterizedbyarefusaltoidealizeexperienceandbythepersuasionthathumanlifeisstrictlysubjectedtonaturallaws.TheNaturalistssharedwiththeearlierRealiststheconvictionthattheeverydaylifeofthemiddleandlowerclassesoftheirowndayprovidedsubjectsworthyofseriousliterarytreatment.Emphasiswaslaidontheinfluenceofthematerialandeconomicenvironmentonbehaviour,especiallyinZola,onthedeterminingeffectsofphysicalandhereditaryfactorsinformingtheindividualtemperament.

Sentimentalism

I.ThenatureofSentimentalismv      SentimentalismisoneoftheimportanttrendsinEnglishliteratureofthemiddleandlaterdecadesofthe18thcentury.v      Alongwithanewvisionoflove,sentimentalismpresentedanewviewofhumannaturewhichprizedfeelingoverthinking,passionoverreason,andpersonalinstinctsof"pity,tenderness,andbenevolence"oversocialduties.v      Literaryworkofthesentimentalism,markedbyasinceresympathyforthepoverty-stricken,expropriatedpeasants,wrotethe"simpleannalsofthepoor”.v      Writersofsentimentalismjustlycriticizedthecrueltyofthecapitalistrelationsandthegrosssocialinjusticesbroughtaboutbythebourgeoisrevolutions.v      Buttheyattackedtheprogressiveaspectofthisgreatsocialchangeinordertoeliminateitandsighedforthereturnofthepatriarchaltimeswhichtheyidealized.v      SentimentalismembracesapessimisticoutlookandblamesreasonandtheIndustrialRevolutionforthemiseriesandinjusticesinthearistocratic-bourgeoissocietyand  indulgesinsentiment,hencethedefinitesignsofdecadenceintheliteraryworksofthesentimentaltradition.II.SocialbackgroundofSentimentalismv      ThebourgeoisiegainingtheirascendancyinnationalpoliticsinEnglandafterthetworevolutionsof1640and1688.

v      ThehandicraftslabourgraduallytransformedtomachineindustryinthecourseoftheIndustrialRevolutioninthemiddleandlaterdecadesofthe18thcentury

v      Thenewcapitalistrelationswereestablished.

v      Sharpsocialcontradictionsbegantotakeshapeandtothreatentheshort-livedsocialstabilityintheearlydecadesofthe18thcentury.

v      Thecontinuous,large-scaleenclosuresoflandresultedinruralbankruptcy.

v      Thepovertyandmiseryoftheexploitedandunemployedlabouringmassesinthecitiesincreased.

v      TheEnlightenmentwhichbelievedineducatingthepeopletobekindandrighteousandupheldreasonasthecure-allforallsocialwrongsandmiseriesdeclined.

v      Allthisledtoskepticismanddisbeliefinthemythaboutthebourgeoissocietyasthebestofallpossibleworlds

v      Lackofabetterormoresoundsubstituteforreasonastheinstrumenttoreformthenone-too-satisfactoryorevenhighlyunsatisfactorysociety,sentimentorevenanover-doseofsentimentwasindulgedinatleastasasortofreliefifnotasasalvoforthegrievesandheart-achesfelttowardtheworld\'swrongs

v      Hencesentimentalisminliterature.

III.LiteraryFormsinSentimentalismv      InEnglishpoetryofthe18thcentury,sentimentalismfirstfounditsfullexpressioninthefortiesandthefifties;Inthelaterdecadesofthecentury,strainsofsentimentalismmaystillbefoundinanumberofthepoemsofWilliamCowper.

v      InEnglishdramaofthecentury,thetruefounderofsentimentalcomedyhasoftenbeentracedbacktoRichardSteelewhosecomedies"TheLyingLover"（1703）and"TheConsciousLovers"containedelementsofsentimentalismasasortofreactiontotheimmoralcomediesofmannersoftheRestorationperiod.

v      inthefieldofprosefictionthatsentimentalismhaditsmostoutstandingexpression,OliverGoldsmith\'s"TheVicarofWakefield"maybeconsideredasrepresentativeworksofthiscategory.

v      OliverGoldsmith’spoetryandprosefictionwasquiteanexponentofsentimentalism.

v      LaurenceSternewasthemostprominentandthemosttypicalofthesentimentaltraditionamongallEnglishnovelistsandamongallEnglishwritersofthe18thcentury.

SymbolisminLiterature

byKarenBernardo

　　Justascharacterizationanddialogueandplotworkonthesurfacetomovethestoryalong,symbolismworksunderthesurfacetotiethestory\'sexternalactiontothetheme.Earlyinthedevelopmentofthefictionalnarrative,symbolismwasoftenproducedthroughallegory,givingtheliteraleventanditsallegoricalcounterpartaone-to-onecorrespondence.

　　InJohnBunyan\'sPilgrim\'sProgress,forexample,everythingandeveryonestandsforsomethingelse.TheprotagonistChristian,tonoone\'ssurprise,standsforeveryChristianreader;hisgoal,theCelestialCity,standsforHeaven;theplacesthroughwhichhepassesonhisway--LucreHill,VanityFair,andthelike--standforthetemptationsBunyanfeltthatChristianreaderswerelikelytoencounterontheirjourneytosalvation.EventhenamesofChristian\'sfellowtravelers--Mr.Feeble-mind,Great-heart,andthelike--representnotindividualcharactersbutstatesofbeing.

　　Allegoryisundoubtedlythesimplestwayoffleshingoutatheme,butitisalsotheleastemotionallysatisfyingbecauseitmakesthingsalittletooeasyonthereader.Wefeelthatwearebeinglecturedto;it\'salmostasiftheauthorisstoppingeverysentenceortwotosay,"Nowpayspecialattentiontothis,becauseifyoudon\'trememberit,youwon\'tgetthepoint."