全英外国法制史复习资料全.docx

全英外国法制史复习资料全.docx

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全英外国法制史复习资料全

WESTERNLEGALHISTORY:

FINALEXAMINATIONSTUDYGUIDE

SHORTANSWERS:

（5questionsforeach,20marksinall）

SocrateswasaclassicalGreekAthenianphilosopher.CreditedasoneofthefoundersofWesternphilosophy,heisanenigmaticfigureknownchieflythroughtheaccountsoflaterclassicalwriters,especiallythewritingsof.hisstudentsPlatoandXenophon,andtheplaysofhiscontemporaryAristophanes.

●Justiceistheinterestofthepeople

●Peoplehavethebenefitoflaws,soagreetorespectthem

●Disobedienceofthelawdestroysthelawandthestate

●Justiceisacompromise:

doingwrongorbeingwronged

PlatowasaClassicalGreekphilosopher,mathematician,writerofphilosophicaldialogues,andfounderoftheAcademyinAthens,thefirstinstitutionofhigherlearningintheWesternworld.Heusedtoadvocatethatthekingofacountryshouldbeaphilosopher,butlaterchangeshismind.

●Humannaturecommitsinjusticewheneveritispossible

●Dominantclassmakeslawforself

●Properroleoflawisensuringthegeneralbenefit

AristotlewasaGreekphilosopher,astudentofPlatoandteacherofAlexandertheGreat.Hiswritingscovermanysubjects,includingphysics,metaphysics,poetry,theater,music,logic,rhetoric,politics,government,ethics,biology,andzoology.Aristotlebelievesinthefunctionofthelawandinsiststhatruleoflawisbetterthanruleofmen.

●Publicofficialsmustcriticallystudydifferentcities’laws

●Thelawsmustbeadaptedtodifferentcircumstancesofpeople

●Thecharacteroflawis‘akindoforder’,andthelawalsohasa‘compulsiveforce’

●Manhasanaturalinstincttoliveinorderlycommunities

●Man’snaturedesiresthebestlifehecanget

●Manisa“politicalanimal”

CicerowasaRomanphilosopher,statesman,lawyer,politicaltheorist,andRomanconstitutionalist.HeiswidelyconsideredoneofRome’sgreatestoratorsandprosestylists.

Heisalsoconsideredastheancientpioneeroftheseparationofpowersintothreeseparatebranchesofgovernment

●Lawisthebond,agreementandpartnershipofmen.

●Thelawisinseparablefromthereasongivenofnature

●Lawisrightreasonincommandingandprohibiting

●Thenaturalsocialinstinctisthesourceoflawitself

●Evillawisillegal

自然法效力高于实在法

自然法是与自然即事物的本质相适应的法

人人平等

恶法非法

ST.THOMASAQUINAS

AquinasisanItalianpriestoftheCatholicChurchandaninfluentialphilosopherandtheologianinthetraditionofscholasticism.Headvocatesthatthepurposeofchurchistopursuethesupernaturalgood,thatis,toknowthegod.Supernaturalgoodishigherthanthepublicgoodthatthegovernmentpursues,sothechurchshouldbeincommand.

托马斯的政治思想是神权政治论，其核心是上帝高于一切，一切服务于上帝。

他主政治隶属于，世俗服从于教会，皇帝受命于教皇，其实质是维护封建神学和教会的利益。

●Godisthehighestgoodandthecauseofallthings.

●Humanlawistheeffortofreasoningfromtheeternallaws.

●Theorderofnatureistheresultofonegod.

SHORTDEFINITIONS:

（5questions,4marksforeach,20marksinall）

∙THESTATE（GOVERNMENT&RULERS）

Thestateisanorganizedcommunitylivingunderagovernment.

∙NATURALLAW

Naturallawreferstotheuseofreasontoanalyzehumannatureanddeducebindingrulesofmoralbehavior.（Principleswhichare“naturally”rightandproper）

∙POSITIVELAW

Positivelawisthetermgenerallyusedtodescribeman-madelawsthatissetbypoliticalsuperiorstopoliticalinferiors

●LAW（RULES）ANDEQUITY（JUSTICE）普通法和衡平法

AristotleonLawandEquity.

Equity:

whatisequitableisinfactjust,notaccordingtolaw;ratheritisa‘correction’oflegaljustice

Law:

lawisasetofrulesenactedbytheauthoritiesordevelopedfromthecustomwhichisrecognizedbythecommunityasbindingtoallmembers.

∙RULEOFLAW

Ruleoflawisthelegalprinciplethatlawshouldgovernanation,asopposedtoarbitrarydecisionsbyindividualgovernmentofficials.ThatmeansRULEofLAWistheprinciplethateverypersonandorganization,includingthegovernment,issubjecttothesamelaws.

∙RULEOFMEN

Ruleofmenisasocietyinwhichoneperson,oragroupofpersons,rulesarbitrarily.

∙LEGISLATION（STATUTES）

Legislationislawwhichhasbeenenactedbyalegislatureorothergoverningbody,ortheprocessofmakingit.

Astatuteisaformalwrittenenactmentofalegislativeauthoritythatgovernsastate,city,orcounty.

∙CUSTOM（ANCIENTLAWS）

Customisaruleofconductinsociety,establishedbylonguseandbindingthoseunderit,anditderivesitsforcefromthetacitconsentofthelegislatureandthepeople,andsupposesanoriginal,actualdeedoragreement.

TRUEANDFALSE:

（15questions,2marksforeach,30marksinall）

Greekpoliticalsystem

PoliticalStructureofAncientGreece

•City-States:

Greecethennotasinglenation-state

–collectionofcity-statesintheMediterranean（Hellenic）

•Athens:

greatestcity-statewhichdominatedregion

–smallercitiesstillindependentpoliticalentities（alliance）

•Autonomy:

eachcity-statecouldmakeownlaws

–decidedtheirownpolicies,paidtributeshipsormoney

•GreekPolitics:

citiesvariedinthepoliticalsystems

–kingships,tyrannies,oligarchies,democracies（Athens）

Greeklawsandwritings

古希腊奴隶制社会、特别是雅典城邦的法律思想。

古希腊并没有出现象罗马帝国那样发达的法律制度和专业的法学家集团。

但在古希腊的哲学、伦理、政治思想以至文学中，包含了许多有关法律基本问题的探讨。

例如，法是神授还是人定的，法代表正义、自然还是代表强权，法与国家、、自由、平等的关系，法的作用，法治还是贤人政治，自然法代表什么及其与实在法的关系，这些在西方中世纪以至近代、现代法学界中争论过的问题，在古希腊时都曾涉及，并对后世西方法律思想的发展发生了重大影响。

古希腊文学是整个西方文学的源头，也是欧洲文学的第一个高峰。

古希腊文学反映了欧洲从氏族社会向奴隶制社会过渡时期的现实生活，特别体现了古代世界的人们对战争与和平、人与自然之间的关系的思考。

古希腊时代显赫的英雄行为和社会历史的重大变迁都在文学作品中得以深刻的体现。

这些文学作品不仅为整个西方文学的发展奠定了基调，也为人们研究古希腊世界的历史与社会提供了丰富的文献资料。

•GreekLaw:

variouscodes/rulesofcity-states-Rome

–unifiedGreeklegalsystemneverexisted（noGreekstate）

•LegalScience:

Greeksneverproducedlegaltexts

–Romanjuristswerethefirsttogivecodetotheworld

•LegalTreatises:

wasneverwrittenbytheGreeks

–noschooloflegalinstructionwasoperatedinGreece

•LawCodes:

neverwrittendownanddistributed

–somestatutesfoundengravedonstoneoronbronze

•Literature:

lawofAthensfoundinancientwriting

–historians,philosophers,dramatists,poets,andorators

•LegalTheory:

notdistinctfromtheactuallaws

–norecognizedanddistinctbranchofphilosophyoflaw

EarlyEuropeanstatutes

•Law:

theearliestEuropeanappearanceofstatutes

–Dracon:

afamouslawgiverofthe7thCenturyBC

–Solon:

afamouslawgiverofthe6thCenturyBC

•Tablets:

firsteffortstoinscribeinpermanentform

–Rulesinapublicformwhichcouldnotbechanged

•Legislation:

originalGreeklawswerefromKings

–laterlegislativeprocessfrommajorityvoteofthepeople

•Codes:

lawsbecamenotonlycustomsbutstatutes

–statuteslaterbecameonlysourceoflaw（notcustoms）

EarlyWesterncustoms

•Custom:

formerlytheruleswereonlyprinciples

–arbitrarilyinterpreted/enforcedbyself-interestedking

RuleofLaw

TheRuleofLaw:

TheGreekMind

•Law:

theRulerofcityshouldalsobegovernedbylaws

–Authoritiesactinaccordancewithknownlaws（notarbitrarily）

•Ruler:

ruleofthelawnotarbitrarydecisionsbyruler

–Generalsovereigntyofthelawgoverns,notarbitraryruleofking

–Specificsovereigntyoverrulersisessentialtoagoodgovernment

SocialContract

用契约关系解释社会和国家起源的政治哲学理论

•SocialContract:

agreementofcitizen&government

–submissiontogovernment&lawiscivicdutyofcitizen

RulersObeyingLaws

•“anemperor…（inrulebylaw）

–mustbehaveasifhewereanswerabletohisownlaws”-Seneca

•“anemperor…（inabsolutism）

–releasedfromthelaws,freefromfollowingthelaws”-Cassius

TheoryofEqualityintheLaw

EqualityBeforetheLaw

•PersonalMerit:

proudfeatureofAtheniansystemwhichleadstohonorandprefermentinasociety

Aristotle（Rhetoric）

•Hierarchy:

regardlessofrankandofficeofmen,asregardsthelaw,allmenareonanequalfooting

Thucydides（Pericles）

•Individuals:

Draconforbadeanylawsaimedjustatindividuals,foraseveryonesharedintherestofthestate,soallshouldshareequallyinitslaws

Demosthenes（Dracon）

Nature:

ourequalityofbirthbynatureimpelsustoseekequalityunderthelaw

Plato（Menexenus）

TheoryofCriminalLaw–Intent

•Intent:

relationofpunishmenttoaperson’sstateofmind

–greater/lesserguiltrelatedtosubjectivemindandcircumstances

•Degrees:

HomicidewasdividedbyDraconintodegrees

–premeditatedkilling,provocation,unintentional,self-defense

•Severity:

voluntaryandinvoluntarywrongsaredistinct

–actofgreaterevil=greaterpunishment;anactoflesserevil=less

•Rulers:

usefultoconsiderwhengivingreward/punishment

–willful=resentment/punishment;unintentionaldeservespardon

•Behavior:

theintentcannotbelessenedbyownbehavior

–drunkennessorculpableignoranceofthelawisnoexcuse（less）

•Punishment:

dependsontheseriousnessoftheoffenses

–distinguishbetweentrivialormajorcrimes,scaleofpunishment

TheoryofDueProcessofLaw

•DueProcess:

righttonotice,beheardinanorderlyproceeding

–Stronglyfavoredregular,impartial,judicialproceedings

Kelly（TheGreeks）

CanonLaw（ChurchLaw）

•CanonLawI:

non-resistancetoevenwickedruler

–Kingsmayevenexceedthelimitsofcustomarylaw

•CanonLawII:

conflict-MiddleAgeslegaltheory

–Kingshadmoralobligationtopeopleandtothelaws

•CanonLaw（Church）:

legislationmustbe‘just’:

“…alawwillbehonorable,just,capableofbeingobeyed,inaccordancewithnatureandinaccordalsowithancestralpractice,adaptedbothtoitstimeandtoitsplace;necessary,usefulandclearsothere’snomisunderstanding,notframedfortheadvantageofanyindividual,butforthecommonbenefitofthecitizens.”

RomanLaw（Justinian’sCode）

•HistoryofLaw:

Justinian’sDigest（Romanlaw）

–Romanlawof1000