从语言和文化角度浅析中式英语学士学位论文.docx
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从语言和文化角度浅析中式英语学士学位论文
学士学位论文
从语言和文化角度浅析中式英语
BAThesis
ChongqingUniversityofArtsandSciences
AnalysisofChinglishBasedonLanguageandCulture
BACandidate:
Supervisor:
Major:
English
SchoolofForeignLanguages
ChongqingUniversityofArtsandSciences
December2013
Contents
中文摘要Ⅰ
AbstractⅡ
1.Introduction1
2.Chinglish1
2.1DefinitionofChinglish1
2.2CharacterristicsofChinglish2
2.2.1CollocationAbuse2
2.2.2ModifierOveruse3
2.2.3PartsofSpeechAbuse3
3.CausesofChinglish3
3.1MotherTongueDistraction3
3.2LanguageandCultureDiversity4
3.3MoralValue6
4.WaystoAvoidChinglish7
4.1WatchingEnglishMoviesandTVDramaPrograms7
4.2CommunicatingwithForeigners7
4.3PracticingReading,WritingandSpeaking7
4.4UsingDictionaries8
5.Conclusion8
References10
Acknowledgements11
摘要
中式英语是一种不符合规范或者说是不合英语文化的畸形英语,主要是受汉语习惯的干扰,是母语的负迁移的结果。
为了很好的避免中式英语,英语学习者应该养成看英语电影的习惯,多与外国人交流,学习西方文化,同时他们还应该多读多听多写英语,从而克服母语带来的负迁移。
本文首先探讨了中式英语的定义,然后从语言和文化层面分析引起中式英语的原因,最后,还介绍了一些方法,以帮助减少或者解决中式英语的形成。
关键词:
中式英语;母语负迁移;语言和文化差异
Abstract
Chinglishismisshapen,hybridlanguagethatisneitherEnglishnorChinesebutthatmightbedescribedasEnglishwithChinesecharacteristic.Itiscausedbymothertonguedistraction.ToavoidChinglish,EnglishlearnersshouldformahabitofwatchingEnglishmovies,communicatingwithnativesspeakers,learningwesternculture.Atthesametime,theyshoulddosomelistening,writingandspeakingexercisesconsciously.TheresearchexploresChineseEnglishfromthelevelofdefinition.ThentheauthoranalyzesthecauseofChinglishfromtheleveloflanguageandculture.Inaddition,theauthoralsointroducessomemethodstoreduceoreveneliminateChinglish.
KeyWords:
Chinglish,MotherTongueDistraction,LanguageandCultureDiversity
AnalysisofChinglishBasedonLanguageandCulture
1.Introduction
Languageisatoolofcommunication.It’swell-knownthatEnglishisthemostwidelyusedlanguageintheworld.Inthecontemporarysocietyithasplayedanessentialroleasabridgetocontributetoexchangeamongcountries.AccordingtoDavidCrystal’sstatistics(2001,p.61),thereare450millionpeoplewhosemothertongueisEnglishand350millionpeopletakingEnglishasthesecondlanguage.SincethepolicyofreformandopeningputforwardinChina,thereareanincreasingnumberofChinesestartingtolearnandspeakEnglish.TheprocessofEnglishlearningisquitedifferent,becauseEnglishisnotthemajorcourseformostChineseEnglishlearners.AlthoughmanylearnershavestudiedEnglishforsixorsevenyearsevenmore,theycannotspeakorwriteEnglishasnativespeakersandtheyoftenmakeChinglishmistakesincommunicating.Infact,thosepeoplewholearnEnglisharelearningasortofcommunicationskills.However,itisalwaysaheadachethatmostChinesepeoplecannotuseEnglishasnativespeakers.TheEnglishtheyoftenuseisregardedasChineseEnglishorChinglish,whichiscausedbymothertonguedistractionaswellascultureandmoralvalue.ThisphenomenonofChinglishisverynormalamongChineseEnglishlearnersandcausesmuchmisunderstandingbetweenthem.Forthesakeofmendingthissituation,thisthesisistryingtoanalyzevariouslinguisticandculturalfeaturesofChinglishandtoexplorethecausesfortheformationofit.LinguistshavestudiedChinglishbothathomeandabroadformanyyears.However,theiremphasisonthestudyofChinglishisscatteringinmanyareas.ThisthesisexploresChineseEnglishfromthelevelofdefinitionandanalyzesthecauseofChinglishfromtheleveloflanguageandculture.Finally,theauthorgivessomewaystoavoidChinglish.OnlyinthiswaycanChineseEnglishlearnersuseEnglishasnativespeakers.
2.Chinglish
2.1DefinitionofChinglish
WhatisChinglish?
Therearesomedefinitionsaboutit.Chinglishismisshapen,hybridlanguagethatisneitherEnglishnorChinesebutthatmightbedescribedasEnglishwithChinesecharacteristic(JoanP.J.,2007:
p.67).ThiskindofEnglishexistsaroundusandhasbeenoneoftheproblemstobesolved.“Alanguagewithamarkedlyreducedgrammaticalstructure,lexiconandstylisticrange,comparedwithotherlanguage,whichisnativelanguageofnoone.”(Bright,William,1992:
p.25).ChinglishisaportmanteauofChineseandEnglish,andreferstospokenorwrittenEnglishlanguagethatisinfluencedbytheChineselanguage.Thetermof“Chinglish”iscommonlyappliedtoungrammaticalornonsensicalEnglishinChinesecontexts,andmayhavepejorativeordeprecatingconnotations(http:
//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinglish).ChinglishisspeechorwritingthatshowstheinterferenceoftheinfluenceofChinese.SomesentencesmaybemoreorlesswordforwordtranslationofChineseexpressions.Chinglishmaybecorrectfromthelevelofgrammatically,butthechoiceofwordsorphrasesandthemannerofexpressionsdonotconformtoStandardEnglishusage.Althoughunderstandingmaynotbeaproblem,Chinglishisunacceptable(Deng,Y.C.,1989:
p.53).ChinglishisawkwardEnglishthatsomepeoplewhohavenotmasteredidiomaticEnglish(Jia,D.L.,1990:
p.78).Fromthesedefinitions,wecandiscoverthatthemaincauseofChinglishistheinterferenceofmothertongue.
Inthispaper,Chinglishisaculturalphenomenon,inwhichChineseandEnglisharemixedup.Chinglishiscausedbymothertonguedistraction.ToavoidChinglish,EnglishlearnersshouldformahabitofwatchingEnglishmovie,communicatingwithnativespeakers,learningwesternculture.Atthesametime,theyshoulddosomelistening,writingandspeakingexercisesconsciously.Formanyyears,linguistshavestudiedChinglishbothathomeandabroad.However,theystressChinglishstudyshouldbescatteredinmanyfields.
2.2CharacteristicsofChinglish
2.2.1CollocationAbuse
BothChineseandEnglishhaverulesofcollocations,especiallynoun-verb,noun-adjectivematching.Forexample,wesaytheroomforworkingorreadingiscalledstudyroominsteadofbookroom.Wesayrevolutionarysuccessorratherthansuccessortotherevolution.Whenwewereyoung,wewenttoschooltogainknowledgeratherthanstudyknowledge.Moreexamples,
取得成就
Makeachievements.(Chinglish)
Attainachievements.(StandardEnglish)
来信写道
Theletterwrites.(Chinglish)
Theletterreads.(StandardEnglish)
请勿打扰:
Don’tBother.(Chinglish)
DoNotDisturb.(StandardEnglish)
管弦乐:
Tubeinstrument.(Chinglish)
Windinstrument.(StandardEnglish)
2.2.2ModifierOveruse
Toomanymodifiersadoptedtoemphasizesomething’sfeaturesorsomeone’sattitudecanleadtowordsredundancy.Forexample,theoveruseof“very”,therepetitionofadjectiveswithsimilarmeaning,“Completelysmash”(彻底粉碎),theoriginalmeaningof“smash”isbreakcompletely;“completelyconquer”(完全征服),however“conquer”ispossibletobe“partly”;“Agreathistoricchange”,“historic”equals“great”tosomeextent.
2.2.3PartsofSpeechAbuse
Duetomechanicaltranslation,thesentencesarepiledupbyastringofwordswithcorrespondingmeaningregardlessofpartofspeech.Forinstance,
“Goodgoodstudy,daydayup.”(好好学习,天天向上)
“Whoafraidwho!
”(谁怕谁啊)
“Thestrength,prosperityanddevelopmentofChinawillposenothreattoanycountries.”(中国的富强和发展不会对任何国家构成威胁)
3.CausesofChinglish
3.1MotherTongueDistraction
Languagemigrationincludesnegativetransferoftargetlanguageandnegativetransferofmothertongue.Negativetransferofmothertonguereferstotheuseofthemothertongue’sthinkingmodeintargetlanguage.Chinesereflectsthiskindofphenomenonofnegativetransferofmothertongue.NotallthemistakesthatChinesestudentsmakeintheprocessoflearningEnglisharetoblameforthenegativetransferofChinese.Apartofthemistakesowetothenegativetransferoftargetlanguage.Ladocameupwith“ContrastiveAnalysis”in1957(Mao,Y.Y.,1998:
p.13).Ithadcomparedthesimilaritiesanddifferencesbetweenmothertongueandobjectlanguage.Heprovedthattherearesomesimilaritiesbetweenthetwolanguages.Thelearner’snativelanguagewillproducepositivetransfertothetargetlanguage,thentherewillbelessdifficultiesinthestudyoftargetlanguage.ProfessorWangNongshengsumsupthatthecontinuingemergenceofnewwordswithChinesecharacteristic,inappropriatecollocation,superfluousmodifiersandmisuseofpersonificationareallcausesforChinglish(Wang,N.S.,2000:
p.31-35).
BeforelearningEnglish,wehavelearnedChineseformanyyearsandformedaChinesethinkingpattern.IntheprocessofEnglishlearning,ChinesestudentsareaccustomedtoaddingnativelanguagetoEnglishlearning,whichleadsto“ChineseEnglish”or“Chinglish”.Thiskindof“bilateral”EnglishwhichisaffectedbyChinesethinkingmodeisakindofabnormallanguage.Theconsequenceofcommunicating,whichmakesbothChineseusersandStandardEnglishspeakerscannotunderstandeachother.ItrefersthatChineseusersandStandardEnglishspeakersareinterferedbymothertongue.InTheTranslator’sGuidetoChinglish,JoanPinkhamputsforwardauthenticexamplesofChinglish.Forexample,Chineselearnersoftentranslate“生活水平不断提高”into“livingstandardsforthepeoplecontinuedtorise”.Asamatteroffact,“forthepeople”isneedless.AlthoughChinglishsometimescanbeunderstood,itisstillunacceptable.So,intheprocessofEnglishlearning,weshouldthinkourselvesasnativespeakers.ToavoidvariousformsofChinglish,itwouldbeagoodchoicetoaccumulatemoreEnglishidioms.
Let’sseesometypicalChinglishsentencessuchasNoentryonpeacetime(和平时期不得进入),Welcometotakemytaxi(欢迎您乘坐本出租车).Thesesentencesareneithereffectivenorgrammaticallycorrect.Compar