Copyrights Examination Geoffrey Scott.docx

Copyrights Examination Geoffrey Scott.docx

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CopyrightsExaminationGeoffreyScott

CopyrightsExamination2016
TheDickinsonSchoolofLawProfessorGeoffreyScott
ThePennsylvaniaStateUniversity

I

AsayouthgrowingupinJapan,Yamazaki（山崎）,wasthesonofavenerablefisherman.HismotherwasadesignatedlivingculturaltreasureandreposedwiththeknowledgeofIkebana（插花）flowerarrangement.TheIkebanastylecallsforsimplicityofexpressionandisfoundeduponanunderstandingoftherhythmoflifeanditsorganicvision.Yamazaki’searlyartisticexperienceshaveinfluencedhimgreatly,andhecarriedthemwithhimevenasheventuredtotheUnitedStatesintheserviceofhisnativecountry.Notwithstanding,orperhaps,becauseoftherigorsofhisprofessionallife,Yamazakialsofollowedapathofartistry,andhedevelopedquiteagoodreputationinWashingtonDCandenvironsasacreativepersonality.

Sinceartisticexpressionwasalwaysagreatinfluenceinhislife,itwasYamazaki’scontinuingpersonalgoaltointegrateaestheticsintoallofhisexperiences.Inthetimethathehadavailableforhisart,heappliedhistalentstopaintingandalsotocombiningaestheticswithobjectswithwhichhecameintodailycontact.OnedaywhileattendingareceptionattheNavalWarCollege,hewasparticularlyimpressedbycertaintablewarebeingusedthatincorporatedafishmotif.Hefounditverypleasingtobestimulatedtorememberhisfatherandhisyoungdaysatseafishingwithhim.ThepatternwasonespeciallydesignedfortheNavalWarCollegebyagentlemannamedReedBarton.Apictureofthetablewareappearsimmediatelybelow.

SeveralweeksafterthereceptionandwhilehewasonafishingtriptotheOuterBanks,

NorthCarolina,Yamazakihostedapartyonthelocalbeach.Asoneoftheactivitiesattheevent,peoplewereaskedtoscavenge打扫thebeachforanyitemsthatcouldbeemployedasutensils餐具inservingandeatingthefoodthatwasprovided.Yamazaki’sguestsfoundallsortsofshells,driftwoodandnaturalobjectssuitableforthepurpose.Allhadagrandtime.Thedayaftertheeventandwhilecleaningupwithafriend,Netsuki（afriendwhoworkedattheWarCollege）,YamazakiandNetsukisatdowninthesandandtalkedabouthowpleasingitwouldbeiftheycouldcapturesomeofthespontaneity自然，自发ofthebeachpartyandtakeitbacktoWashington.Inthecourseofthediscussion,YamazakimentionedthetablewarehehadseenattheNavalWarCollegeanddescribeditgenerally.Netsukirespondedbyrecallingsomebumperstickers（保险杠车贴）thathehadrecentlyseendisplayedonthebackofseveralautomobilesthatrepresentedstylizedlinedrawingsofafishandweresponsoredbyagroupcalled“TheFishersofMen.”BothYamazakiandNetsukialsocasuallylookedthroughthedetritus碎片fromthepriorevening’seventandfoundnumerouspiecesofdebristhatlookedagreatdealliketheprofilesofvariousfishspecies.Apparently,someoftheguestshadtakenpiecesofshellandotherdetritusandcarvedorbrokentheminwaysthatwouldmakethemlooklikeseacreaturesandalsobesuitablefortheiruseasservingpiecesandeatingutensilsattheparty.Inspiredbythefinds,Netsukidrewanoutlineinthesandofwhathethoughttobeagooddesignforfishinspiredtableware.Thepairwasseatedabovethehighwatermarkoftheseaonthatportionofthebeach.Thedrawinglookedagreatdeallikethebumperstickerfishform.BothYamazakiandNetsukihadagoodtimespeculatingonwhetherandhowtheycouldproducetablewareinspiredbyfishspecies,andtheyagreeditwouldbeagoodideatofollowuponthediscussionsometimeinthefuturewhentheywereabletodoso.Nofurtherstepsweretakenatthattime,however,andtheybrokeoffthediscussionandmadereadytoreturnhome.

Acopyofthefishsymbolthatappearedonthebumperstickerfollows:

SeveralmonthsfollowingYamazaki’sreturntoWashington,hewascalledupontoplanandhostaparty.HerecalledthebeachpartyandhisdiscussionwithNetsuki.Hetookituponhimselftoconceiveofadesignforsomedinnerservingpiecesthatheplannedtousefortheevent,whichservingpieceswereinspiredbyhisdiscussionwithNetsukiandbysomeoftheshellanddebrispieceshisguestshadfoundorfashionedatthebeachparty.Yamazakicontractedwithasilversmith（hereinafterS）tomanufacturetheservingpieces.HechoseSbecausehewasnotonlyrevered受尊敬的asasilversmithbutalsoaninspiredcreativeartist.YamazakicarefullydescribedhisvisionfortheservingpiecestoS,andhealsoprovidedSwithsomeofthefishshapeddebristhathehadrecoveredaftertheabovementionedbeachpartyandthatreflectedhisvision.StookthedesigninformationprovidedbyYamazaki,infusedrequiredfunctionalchangesaswellasafewminorartisticalterations,andproducedtheservingpiecesintimeforuseatYamazaki’sparty.（workmadeforhire？

）

Theguestsatthepartywerefullyenamoredbytheservingpieces,andmanyaskedYamazakiwheretheycouldpurchaseselectpieces.Yamazakiinformedthemthatitwashisdesignandthatthetablewarewasnotcommerciallyavailable.Hedid,however,contactS,toldhimofthegeneralinterestoftheguests,andaskedStomakethreeadditionalservingpiecesthatYamazakicouldpresenttoaveryinfluentialpoliticalfigure.SmadethepiecesanddeliveredthemtoYamazaki.OnthebackofallpiecesmadebyStherewasaninscription（刻字）,SSilverworks.ApictureoftheservingpiecesthatSmadeforYamazakiathisinstanceandexpensefollows:

Thereafterandunbeknownst不知情toYamazaki,SregisteredthecopyrightfortheservingpiecesinthenameofSasowner,andhemanufacturedandmadethepiecesavailableforcommercialsale.Salsoconceived,manufacturedandsoldasetofknivesthatwerebaseduponthedesign.Theservingpiecesandthekniveswereatremendouscommercialsuccess.AllpiecesweremarkedSSilverworks.ApictureoftheknivesproducedbySfollows:

WithoutknowingthatSwaseithermakingandsellingtheservingpiecesorhadaddeda

setofknivestothefishlineofpieces,YamazakiapproachedSandproposedthattheyjoinforcesandnotonlymanufactureandmarkettheservingpiecesbutalsodevelopandmarketawiderrangeoftablewarepiecesbaseduponthesamemotif.WhenYamazakibroached提出thetopic,Swasveryevasive,andhetoldYamazakithathewastoobusytojoinYamazakianddeclinedtoparticipateinthemanufactureandcommercialsaleoftablewarewithYamazaki.

Thereafter,YamazakiapproachedK,anothersilversmith,andenteredintoabusinessrelationshipwithKtomanufactureandmarkettablewarebasedontheoriginalvisionforfishinspiredservingpiecesthatYamazakihadtakentoSandthatwasreflectedintheservingpiecesthathadthathadbeenproducedbySforYamazaki.YamazakiandKproceededtocreateandmarketthefishmotiftablewareunderthetrademark,Y&KSilver.Aphotoofarepresentative5-pieceplacesettingofthetablewaredesignedbyYamazakiandmanufactured,anddistributedbyY&KSilverfollows.Ifoneexaminesthevariousphotosprovideduptothispoint,onecannoteslightdifferencesbetweenthedesignsofSSilverworksandthoseofY&KSilver.Amongthesedifferencesareavariationinorientationoftheknifehandletotheknifebladeof90degreesandeyesidentifiedonthevariouspiecesoftheplacesettingthatwerecreatedbyYamazakiandthatarenotfoundontheknivesmadebySSilverworks:

Yamazakigavethename“Gonefishin’”tothetablewaremanufacturedandsoldbyY&KSilverandbeganadvertisingthegoodsforsalethroughmagazinesandpopulardepartmentstores.Areproductionoftheadvertisingcopyfor“GoneFishin’”follows:

Whenthetablewarebecameavailableforsaleadditionalpublicityforthe“Gonefishin’”tablewareensued发生.If,forexample,oneweretolookonsearchenginessuchasGoogle,onecouldfindsourcesfromwhichacustomercouldpurchasethegoodsaswellasrepresentativephotosoftheproducts.AscreenshotoftherelevantsearchresultsfromGooglefollows:

Onthesearchpagereproducedaboveonewillalsoseeanadvertisementby“”foraproductlabelled“GoneFishin’PartySupplies.”Ascreenshotoftherelevantpagefromthewebsitefollows:

Wereonetofullyviewthedetailoftheproductsidentifiedandavailableonthebirthdayinaboxwebpage,s/hewouldbeabletonotethatthegreenplastictablewareavailableinthetablewarekitandpicturedonthewebpageisaplasticreproductionofthe“GoneFishin’”tablewaremanufacturedanddistributedbyY&KSilver.“B”wasnevergrantedalicensebyeitherSSilverworksorY&KSilvertomanufactureplasticfacsimilesoftheservingpiecesortablewaremanufacturedand/orsoldbyeithersilvercompany.TheindividualwhoislistedastheowneroftheURLandtheparentcompanyof“,”isNetsuke,thepreviouslymentionedacquaintanceofYamazaki.

Finally,arecentepisodeofOutdoorsDelmarva（abroadcastcarriedonbothCBSandFoxtelevisionandshowninDelaware,MarylandandVirginia）thatfocusesonsportfishinginthetri-stateareaincludedasegmentonholidaycooking.Duringthesegment,thefishmotifsilverwareofbothSSilverworksandY&KSilverandtheplastictablewaresoldby“”werefeaturedandshown.Therewasnomentionduringtheshowofthemanufacturer（s）ofanyofthetablewareorwhereitcouldbepurchased.

Yamazaki,ReedBarton,TheNavalWarCollegeChiefofStaff,Netsuki,S,K,therespectivecompaniesownedandoperatedbySandYamazakiandK,severalguestswhohadfashionedsomeoftheshellsatthebeachparty,andTheFishersofMenallbecameawareoftheservingpie