英语阅读提高TPO124全套阅读详细解析TPO 13阅读详细解析.docx
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英语阅读提高TPO124全套阅读详细解析TPO13阅读详细解析
TPO13
Paragraph1:
1.Thewordcomplexinthepassageisclosestinmeaningto
○delicate
○elaborate
○private
○common
2.Accordingtoparagraph1,whichofthefollowingistrueofarelationship?
○Itisastructureofassociationswithmanypeople.
○Itshouldbestudiedinthecourseofasocialinteraction.
○Itplacesgreatdemandsonpeople.
○Itdevelopsgraduallyovertime.
Paragraph2:
3.Thewordendowinginthepassageisclosestinmeaningto
○leaving
○exposing
○providing
○understanding
4.Whichofthefollowingcanbeinferredaboutinstrumentaltiesfromtheauthor'smentionofworkingwithcompetitorsinparagraph2?
○Instrumentaltiescandevelopeveninsituationsinwhichpeoplewouldnormallynotcooperate.
○Instrumentaltiesrequireasmuchemotionalinvestmentasexpressiveties.
○Instrumentaltiesinvolvesecurity,love,andacceptance.
○Instrumentaltiesshouldbeexpectedtobesignificant.
Paragraph3:
5.Accordingtoparagraph3,whatdosociologistsseeasthemaindifferencebetweenprimaryandsecondarygroups?
○Primarygroupsconsistofpeopleworkingtogether,whilesecondarygroupsexistoutsideofworksettings.
○Inprimarygroupspeopleareseenasmeans,whileinsecondarygroupspeopleareseenasends.
○Primarygroupsinvolvepersonalrelationships,whilesecondarygroupsaremainlypracticalinpurpose.
○Primarygroupsaregenerallysmall,whilesecondarygroupsoftencontainmorethantwopeople.
6.Whichofthefollowingcanbeinferredfromtheauthor'sclaiminparagraph3thatprimarygrouprelationshipssometimesevolveoutofsecondarygrouprelationships?
○Secondarygrouprelationshipsbeginbybeingprimarygrouprelationships.
○Asecondarygrouprelationshipthatishighlyvisiblequicklybecomesaprimarygrouprelationship.
○Sociologistsbelievethatonlyprimarygrouprelationshipsareimportanttosociety.
○Eveninsecondarygroups,frequentcommunicationservestobringpeopleintocloserelationships.
Paragraph4:
7.Thephrasesizeupinthepassageisclosestinmeaningto
○enlarge
○evaluate
○impress
○accept
Paragraph5:
8.Whichofthesentencesbelowbestexpressestheessentialinformationinthehighlightedsentenceinthepassage?
Incorrectchoiceschangethemeaninginimportantwaysorleaveoutessentialinformation.
○Sociologiststhinkthatculturalpatternsestablishconnectionsbetweentheindividualandthelargersociety.
○Sociologistsbelievethatindividualswithasenseofonenessbridgethegapbetweensocietyandprimarygroups.
○Sociologiststhinkprimarygroupscontributetosocialsolidaritybecausetheyhelpmaintainasociety'sculturalpatterns.
○Sociologistsbelievethattheculturalpatternsthatprovidesocialsolidarityariseasbridgesfromprimarygroups.
9.Thispassageisdevelopedprimarilyby
○drawingcomparisonsbetweentheoryandpractice
○presentingtwoopposingtheories
○definingimportantconceptsandprovidingexamplesofthem
○discussingcausesandtheireffects
Paragraph7:
10.Theworddeviateinthepassageisclosestinmeaningto
○detract
○advance
○select
○depart
11.Accordingtoparagraph7,whywouldasocialgroupuseshunning?
○Toenforcepracticeofthekindsofbehavioracceptabletothegroup
○Todiscourageoffendingindividualsfromremaininginthegroup
○Tocommendandrewardthebehavioroftheothermembersofthegroup
○Todecidewhichbehavioralnormsshouldbepassedontothenextgeneration?
Paragraph6:
12.Lookatthefoursquares[■]thatindicatewherethefollowingsentencecouldbeaddedtothepassage.
Peoplewhodonotlivealone,forexample,tendtomakehealthierlifechoicesanddevelopfewerpathologiesthanpeoplewholivebythemselves.
Wherewouldthesentencebestfit?
13.
PrimaryGroups
●
●
●
SecondaryGroups
●
●
AnswerChoices
○Developingsociallyacceptablebehavior
○Workingtogetheragainstcompetitors
○Experiencingpressurefromoutsideforces
○Viewingpeopleasameanstoanend
○Existingforpracticalpurposes
○Providingmeaningforlifesituations
○Involvingcloserelationships
TypesofSocialGroups
Lifeplacesusinacomplexwebofrelationshipswithotherpeople.Ourhumannessarisesoutoftheserelationshipsinthecourseofsocialinteraction.Moreover,ourhumannessmustbesustainedthroughsocialinteraction—andfairlyconstantlyso.Whenanassociationcontinueslongenoughfortwopeopletobecomelinkedtogetherbyarelativelystablesetofexpectations,itiscalledarelationship.
Peopleareboundwithinrelationshipsbytwotypesofbonds:
expressivetiesandinstrumentalties.Expressivetiesaresociallinksformedwhenweemotionallyinvestourselvesinandcommitourselvestootherpeople.Throughassociationwithpeoplewhoaremeaningfultous,weachieveasenseofsecurity,love,acceptance,companionship,andpersonalworth.Instrumentaltiesaresociallinksformedwhenwecooperatewithotherpeopletoachievesomegoal.Occasionally,thismaymeanworkingwithinsteadofagainstcompetitors.Moreoften,wesimplycooperatewithotherstoreachsomeendwithoutendowingtherelationshipwithanylargersignificance.
Sociologistshavebuiltonthedistinctionbetweenexpressiveandinstrumentaltiestodistinguishbetweentwotypesofgroups:
primaryandsecondary.Aprimarygroupinvolvestwoormorepeoplewhoenjoyadirect,intimate,cohesiverelationshipwithoneanother.Expressivetiespredominateinprimarygroups;weviewthepeopleasendsinthemselvesandvaluableintheirownright.Asecondarygroupentailstwoormorepeoplewhoareinvolvedinanimpersonalrelationshipandhavecometogetherforaspecific,practicalpurpose.Instrumentaltiespredominateinsecondarygroups;weperceivepeopleasmeanstoendsratherthanasendsintheirownright.Sometimesprimarygrouprelationshipsevolveoutofsecondarygrouprelationships.Thishappensinmanyworksettings.Peopleonthejoboftendevelopcloserelationshipswithcoworkersastheycometosharegripes,jokes,gossip,andsatisfactions.
Anumberofconditionsenhancethelikelihoodthatprimarygroupswillarise.First,groupsizeisimportant.Wefinditdifficulttogettoknowpeoplepersonallywhentheyaremillingaboutanddispersedinlargegroups.Insmallgroupswehaveabetterchancetoinitiatecontactandestablishrapportwiththem.Second,face-to-facecontactallowsustosizeupothers.Seeingandtalkingwithoneanotherinclosephysicalproximitymakespossibleasubtleexchangeofideasandfeelings.Andthird,theprobabilitythatwewilldevelopprimarygroupbondsincreasesaswehavefrequentandcontinuouscontact.Ourtieswithpeopleoftendeepenasweinteractwiththemacrosstimeandgraduallyevolveinterlockinghabitsandinterests.
Primarygroupsarefundamentaltousandtosociety.First,primarygroupsarecriticaltothesocializationprocess.Withinthem,infantsandchildrenareintroducedtothewaysoftheirsociety.Suchgroupsarethebreedinggroundsinwhichweacquirethenormsandvaluesthatequipusforsociallife.Sociologistsviewprimarygroupsasbridgesbetweenindividualsandthelargersocietybecausetheytransmit,mediate,andinterpretasociety'sculturalpatternsandprovidethesenseofonenesssocriticalforsocialsolidarity.
Second,primarygroupsarefundamentalbecausetheyprovidethesettingsinwhichwemeetmostofourpersonalneeds.■Withinthem,weexperiencecompanionship,love,security,andanoverallsenseofwell-being.■Notsurprisingly,sociologistsfindthatthestrengthofagroup'sprimarytieshasimplicationsforthegroup'sfunctioning.■Forexample,thestrongertheprimarygrouptiesofasportsteamplayingtogether,thebettertheirrecordis.■
Third,primarygroupsarefundamentalbecausetheyserveaspowerfulinstrumentsforsocialcontrol.Theirmemberscommandanddispensemanyoftherewardsthataresovitaltousandthatmakeourlivesseemworthwhile.Shouldtheuseofrewardsfail,memberscanfrequentlywinbyrejectingorthreateningtoostracizethosewhodeviatefromtheprimarygroup'snorms.Forinstance,somesocialgroupsemployshunning(apersoncanremaininthecommunity,butothersareforbiddentointeractwiththeperson)asadevicetobringintolineindividualswhosebehaviorgoesbeyondthatallowedbytheparticulargroup.Evenmoreimportant,primarygroupsdefinesocialrealityforusbystructuringourexperiences.Byprovidinguswithdefinitionsofsituations,theyelicitfromusbehaviorthatconformstogroup-devisedmeanings.Primarygroups,then,servebothascarriersofsocialnormsandasenforcersofthem.
Paragraph1:
1.ThewordConsequentlyinthepassageisclosestinmeaningto
○Therefore
○Additionally
○Nevertheless
○Moreover
2.Inparagraph1,theexperimentonthefungusNeurosporaismentionedtoillustrate
○theexistenceofweeklyperiodsofactivityaswellasdailyones
○thefindingofevidencethatorganismshaveinternalclocks
○theeffectofspaceontheinternalclocksoforganisms
○theisolationofonepartofanorganism'scycleforstudy
3.Accordingtoparagraph1,allthefollowingaregenerallyassumedtobetrueEXCEPT:
○Itisimportantforanimals'dailyactivitiestobecoordinatedwithrecurringeventsintheirenvironment.
○Eukaryoteshaveinternalclocks.
○Therelationshipbetweenbiologicalfunctionandenvironmentalcyclesisatopicofintenseresearch.
○Animals'dailyrhythmsaremoredependentonexternalcuesthanoninternalclocks.
Paragraph2:
4.Thewordpersistentinthepassageisclosestinmeaningto
○adjusted
○strong
○enduring
○predicted
5.Whichofthesentencesbe