最新表格式英语语法大全资料.docx
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最新表格式英语语法大全资料
基本语法表格
人称代词和物主代词
第一人称
第二人称
第三人称
单数
复数
单数
复数
单数(现在时,动词+s/es)
复数
人称
代词
主格
I
we
you
you
she
he
it
they
these
宾格
me
us
you
you
her
him
it
them
those
物主代词(…的)
物主性
my
our
your
your
her
his
its
their
these
名词性
mine
ours
yours
yours
hers
his
its
theirs
those
反身代词
自己
myself
ourselves
yourself
yourselves
herself
himself
itself
themselves
themselves
动词有5种形式
原形
第三人称单数(+s/es)
过去时(+ed)
现在分词(+ing)
过去分词(+ed)
play
plays
played
be+playing
have/has/had+played
watch
watches
watched
watching
watched
do
does
did
doing
done
buy
buys
bought
buying
bought
think
thinks
thought
thinking
thought
teach
teaches
tought
teaching
tought
动词有4个种类
实义动词
like;read;watch;sit;buy肯定句直接用;变成否定句和疑问句,就必须用助动词do/does/did来帮忙
“三类动词”
助动词
do/does/did主要用来帮助实义动词变成否定句或疑问句
Be动词
be原形–am/is/are现在时–was/were过去时–being进行时–been完成时
情态动词
can–could能够;will–would打算、将要;shall–should打算、将要、应该;
may–might可以、也许;must必须;need需要;haveto不得不;oughtto应该
注意:
助动词和情态动词后面的动词只能用原形。
句子从功能上有4种分类
种类
名称
用法
1.陈述句
(1)肯定句
IlikeEnglish.
(2)否定句
①在“三类动词”后+notIcan’tspeakEnglish
②没“三类动词”,用do/does/did帮忙Idon’tlikeEnglish
2.疑问句
(1)一般
疑问句
①把“三类动词”放在句子的开头,末尾加问号“?
”CanyouspeakEnglish?
②没“三类动词”,用do/does/did帮忙DoyoulikeEnglish?
(2)特殊
疑问句
疑问词+“三类动词”放在句子的开头,末尾加问号“?
”Whatdoyoulike?
疑问词:
what;who;whose;where;when=whattime;why;which;
how;howold;howlong;howsoon;howfar;howmuch;howmany;howoften
(3)反义
疑问句
①提问时:
前后相反(前面肯定,后面否定;前面否定,后面肯定)IlikeEnglish,don’tyou?
②回答时:
前后一致(用什么问,就用什么答)Yes,Ido.No,Idon’t.
3.祈使句
用动词原形放在句首,表示“建议、命令、要求”某人做某事Doitbyyourself.
4.感叹句
(1)How引导
①How+形容词Howbeautiful!
=Howbeautifulsheis!
②How+形容词+a/an+可数名词Howbeautifulagirl!
多美的女孩!
(2)What引导
③What+a/an+形容词+可数名词Whatabeautifulgirl!
多美的女孩!
④What+形容词+不可数名词Whatfineweather!
=Howfinetheweatheris!
注意
事项
①分清实义动词和“三类动词”
②变化句子时,“三类动词”直接用,如果是实义动词,只能用助动词帮忙,注意人称和时态的一致性.
③助动词和情态动词后面的动词永远只能用原形.(看下面的例子,had在did后面变为原形have)
④have/has/had单独使用是实义动词,变句子时,需要助动词do/does/did帮忙;在完成时态中,是助动词,则直接使用。
(need和dare的用法也类似,不过两个词只在否定句和疑问句中做情态动词,其他情况做实义动词)
Ihadbreakfastat7:
00thismorning.(had实义动词)Ihadplayedcomputerbeforeyoucamebackhome.(had助动词)
Ididn’thavebreakfastat7:
00thismorning.Ihadnotplayedcomputerbeforeyoucamebackhome.
Didyouhavebreakfastat7:
00thismorning?
HadyouplayedcomputerbeforeIcamebackhome?
Whatdidyoudoat7:
00thismorning?
WhathadyoudonebeforeIcamebackhome?
Whendidyouhavebreakfast?
Whendidyouplaycomputer?
Whohadbreakfastat7:
00thismorning?
Whohadplayedcomputerbeforeyoucamebackhome?
可数名词的复数
构成
举例
1
在名词后面加s
fathers,books,Americans,Germans,apples,bananas
2
以s,x,sh,ch,th结尾的,加es
boxes,glasses,dresses,watches,wishes,faxes,foxes
3
以辅音字母加y结尾的变y为i再加es
baby-babies,family-families,duty-duties,comedy-comedies,
4
以元音字母加y结尾的直接加s
day-days,boy-boys,toy-toys,key-keys,way-ways
5
以o结尾加s(外来词);
但如是辅音加o的加es
radios,photos
tomatoes西红柿,potatoes马铃薯
6
以f或fe结尾的变f为v再加es
knife-knives,half-halves,shelf-shelves,leaf-leaves,yourself-yourselves
7
一般只有复数,没有单数的有
clothes;wages;people,crew,staff,police;pants,shorts,shoes,spectacles=glasses,gloves,socks,trouses;scissors;(由两部分组成的东西)
8
特殊形式的有
child-children,foot-feet,tooth-teeth,goose-geese,mouse-mice,sheep-sheep;man-men,woman-women,policeman-policemen,Englishman-Englishmen
9
合成词的复数一般只把后面一个词变为复数
actionmovie--actionmovies,penpal--penpals;
10
如果是由man或woman所组成的合成词的复数,则前后两个词都要变为复数
mandoctor--mendoctors,womanteacher--womenteachers
11
既可以是单数也可以是复数的一些集合名词
police警察局,警察;class班,同学;family家,家庭成员;organization机构;army军队;data 数据; jury 陪审团; audience 观众;enemy 敌人;media 媒体;bacteria 细菌;navy 海军;committee 委员会;flock 羊群
12
单复数相同
fish,sheep,deer鹿子,Chinese,Japanese
13
单复数意思不同
fish鱼fishes鱼的种类,
paper纸papers报纸,卷子,论文
work工作works作品,工厂
glass玻璃glasses玻璃杯,眼镜
orange桔子水oranges橙子
light光线lights灯
cloth布clothes衣服
people人peoples民族
time时间times时代,次数
chicken鸡肉chickens小鸡
water水waters水域;公海
wood木板;woods树林
14
常用的不可数名词
water,milk,fruit,meat,food,paper,air,weather,rice,ice,furniture家具
sheep羊肉,fish鱼肉(动物表示肉类)
注:
①一般而言,抽象名词都是不可数名词,只有单数形式,没复数形式;但抽象名词具体化后,则由不可数名词变成可数名词。
Wouldyouliketohaveawalk(swim,bath,talk)withme?
havealook,haveatry.Itisawasteoftimereadingsuchanovel.
Shemadeanapologytohermotherforherwrongdoings.Physicsisascience.
②动词的第三人称单数的变化(即主语是现在时第三人称单数时,谓语动词+s/es)与以上规则相同。
归纳;以辅音字母+y结尾的,变y为i:
①动词+ed②形容词+er/est③名词+es
以重读闭音节结尾,末尾只有一个辅音字母,双写末尾的辅音字母:
①动词+ed②形容词+er/est③动词+ing
名词所有格(某人/物“的”东西)
构成
举例
1
单数:
在后面加’s
brother’s,Mike’s,teacher’s
2
复数:
以s结尾的直接在s后加’,
不以s结尾的,加’s
Teachers’Day教师节classmates’books同学们的书籍
Children’sDay六一节Women’sDay三八节
3
由and并列的几个名词,如是共同拥有同一人或物,只在最后一个名词后加’s,如是各自拥有,则分别加’s。
MikeandBen’sroom迈克和本的房间(共住一间)
Mike’sandBen’srooms迈克和本的房间(各自的房间)
MikeandBen’smother迈克和本的妈妈(两兄弟)
Mike’sandBen’smothers迈克和本的房间(两家人)
4
动物和没生命的东西用of所有格,不用’s所有格
amapofChina;thenameofhercat;thedoorofthebedroom
说明
①’s所有格=of所有格,但前后顺序相反Tom’sbook=thebookofTomHuaihua’sweather=theweatherofHuaihua
②一般而言,人用’s所有格,动物和没生命的东西用of所有格
抽象名词具体化
一般而言,抽象名词是不可数名词,只有单数形式,没复数形式,不能和冠词连用;但抽象名词具体化后,则由不可数名词变成可数名词,因而有单复数变化,也可以和冠词连用。
下面是高中阶段常用的一些抽象名词具体化:
1
attraction (U)吸引,吸引力; (C)有吸引力的人或事物.
The idea of traveling to the moon has little attraction for me.到月球上旅行的想法对我没有什么吸引力.
The city's bright lights, theatres, and movies are great attractions. 城里明亮的灯,戏院,电影等有巨大的吸引力.
One of the main attractions of the job is the high salary. 这份工作最吸引人的是薪水高.
2
atmosphere (U)大气;(C)气氛
The atmosphere encompass the earth.大气包围着地球。
It has a nostalgic atmosphere. 这儿有一种怀旧的气氛。
I like the atmosphere here. 我喜欢这儿的气氛。
3
beauty (U)美,美丽; (C)美丽的人或事物
She was a famous beauty in her youth. 她年轻时是个有名的美人. That new car is an absolute beauty. 那辆新车漂亮极了.
4
comfort (U)安慰,慰藉,宽恕; (C)令人感到安慰的人或事物
The news brought comfort to all of us. 这消息给我们大家带来了安慰.
His husband was a great comfort to her when she was ill. 她生病时,她丈夫对她是个极大的安慰.
5
danger (U) 危险,风险; (C)危险的人,危险因素
Children's lives are in danger every time they cross this road. 孩子们每次过这条马路都面临着生命危险.
out of danger 脱离危险 Police said the man was a danger to the public. 警方说这个男子对公众是个危 险。
How does nature form a danger to people in the world?
自然现象是如何对全球人类造成威胁的?
6
death (U)死,死亡; (C)死亡的人
Air pollution alone causes about three million deaths every year. 仅空气污染就造成了每年近三百万人死亡.
If the hurricane had happened during the daytime, there would have been many more deaths. 若飓风发生在白天,那么死亡的人会多的多.
7
delight (U)高兴,愉快,快乐;(C)令人高兴的事,乐事,乐趣
To our great delight, the day turned out fine. 我们感到高兴的是天气转晴了.
The guitar is a delight to play. 弹吉他是件很惬意的事. Her singing is a delight. 她的歌声使人快乐.
8
difficulty (U)困难,艰难,难度,困难性;(C)难做,难懂,难应付的事,难事,难点,难题
She got the door open with difficulty. 她艰难地把门打开了. I had the great difficulty in persuading her. 我为了说服她,费了好大的劲儿.
He wants to marry her, but his parents are making difficulties. 他想娶她,但他父母从中阻挠.
She met with many difficulties when traveling. 她在旅行时遇到了许多伤脑筋的事.
9
experience (U)经验;(C)经历,体验 byexperience靠经验 valuable experience 宝贵的经验
Do you have any previous experience of this kind of work?
你以前做过这种工作吗?
anexperience一次经历He had many interesting experiences while traveling in Africa.他在非洲旅行时遇到很多有趣的经历。
10
failure (U) 失败; (C)失败的人或事物
The success or failure of the plan depends on you. 这项计划的成败取决于你.Failureisthemotherofsuccess失败乃成功之母
Failure in one examination should not stop you trying again. 一次考试不及格不应该防碍你再试一次. Iamafailure我是个失败者
The whole thing was a complete failure. 整个事情彻底失败了. She was a failure as a teacher. 她当教师并不成功.
11
fortune (U)运气;机会;(C)财产,财富
Fortune Fools have fortune. [谚]傻人有傻福。
Roll up a huge fortune 积聚起大笔财产
He cleaned up a small fortune. 他发了一笔小财. He dreamed of making a fortune. 他梦想发大财。
He made a fortune in oil. 他做石油生意赚了一大笔钱。
12
help (U)帮助;(C)有帮助的人或事物
A tape-recorder or a mp3 is a great help for you to learn English.录音机或mp3对你学英语帮助很大.
I am a good help to my mother at home. 我在家里是妈妈的好帮手.
13
honour (U)荣幸,荣誉;(C)给某人/某事增光的人或事物winhonor赢得荣誉 anhonor一个(件)引以为荣的(事)
We fought for the honour of our country.我们为祖国的荣誉而战. It is a great honour for me to be present at the conference.
14
joy (U)高兴,愉快,喜悦;(C)令人高兴的人或事,乐事,乐趣
jump with joy高兴得跳起来
The game was a joy to watch.看这场比赛真是开心. He is a great joy to listen to. 他这个人,听他讲话就是极大的乐趣.
15
kindness (U)亲切,和蔼,仁慈,好意;(C)友好或仁慈,体贴的举动,好心的表现或行为
She always shows kindness to children and animals.她对孩子和动物总是很温柔.
He did it entirely out of kindness, not for money. 他做那件事纯粹出于好意,并非为钱.
It would be a great kindness to see him while he is so ill. 他病得很厉害,去探望他就是对他的极大关怀.
Thankyou,Tim.Youhavedonemeakindness.
16
knowledge (U)知识;(C)(一门)学问
Knowledge begin with practice. 认识从实践开始。
Knowledge is no burden. 艺不压身。
Knowledge is power. 知识就是力量。
AknowledgeofEnglishisamustininternationaltrade.
I want an assistant with a knowledge of English and experience of office routine. 我需要一名懂英语和具有例行公事经验的助手。
He has only a theoretical knowledge of the language. 他只有这种语言的理论知识。
17
pity (U) 怜悯,同情;(C)可惜的事,遗憾的事
feel pity for 对...同情 out of pity出于同情 havepityonsb.怜悯某人 apity可惜的事情
It's a pity the weather is not good for our outing today.我们今天出去游玩天气不好,真遗憾.
It's a pity that you can't go to the theatre with us tonight. 你今晚不能和我们一起去看戏,真